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Financing CCUS at Scale Executive summary
…At its core, the challenge for CCUS is commercial viability. In contrast to other clean energy technologies, CCUS manages CO2 – a product with little intrinsic market value and limited standalone demand. This fundamental constraint is compounded by several distinctive risks. As new business models develop around hubs or CCUS services, project developers must co-ordinate capture facilities, transport infrastructure and storage sites across a connected value chain, creating cross-chain risks and complex contractual relationships. Long-term liability for stored CO₂ raises questions about how risks should be allocated over time. Although the operational track record is growing – with more…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Road transport fuels
Road transport accounts for around 45% of global oil demand, ranging from a third in Korea up to two-thirds in some countries in Europe and Latin America. In advanced economies, passenger cars dominate road transport demand, accounting for around 60% of road energy use. Trucks make up most of the remainder. In emerging economies, there is also a significant role for two/three-wheelers (scooters, motorcycles and tricycles), which account for around 5% of road transport demand and are more numerous than cars in many countries. The share of energy use in medium and heavy freight trucks is also…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Beyond NMC batteries: Supply chain issues for emerging battery technologies
The LFP battery supply chains are significantly more concentrated than those for nickel-based batteries Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries now supply almost half the global electric car market up from less than 10% in 2020, at the expense of the previously dominant nickel-based NMC lithium-ion batteries, due to improved performance and lower costs. This remarkable battery chemistry shift is leading to new battery critical mineral supply chains coming into focus beyond nickel and cobalt. Simultaneously, there is also the emergence of manganese-rich lithium-ion cathodes, sodium-ion batteries, as well as the anticipated impact of solid…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Executive summary
…of gas were coming from the Middle East, while 45% of its oil product supply were dependent on Middle Eastern crude. The resulting price shock is already feeding through to higher energy bills, inflation and mounting economic risk. The crisis is prompting a reassessment of policy and investment strategies amid a strong prioritisation of energy security. The exploratory scenarios included in this new Outlook, which reflect pre-crisis policy settings, show that the direction of travel for the region’s energy sector does not adequately address the risks it now faces. A robust, collective response is required. For the moment…
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Key findings
No sign that global energy-related methane emissions fell in 2025 despite progress in some areas The fossil fuel sector accounts for around 35% of methane emissions from human activity, yet there is still no sign that methane emissions from fossil fuel operations are falling, despite well-known and proven mitigation pathways. Oil, gas and coal production output reached record highs in 2025, and the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that methane emissions from these activities total 124 million tonnes (Mt) a year: oil is the largest source at 45 Mt, followed by coal at 43 Mt, and natural gas at 36 Mt. A…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Stated Policies Scenario
…market and developing economies, rising incomes boost demand for appliances and air conditioners. Dynamism in the electricity sector is not matched by the rise of low-emissions fuels: liquid biofuels and biogases do well in some markets, but new fuels generally struggle to gain market share and remain heavily dependent on policy support to compete. Energy-sector CO2 emissions peak near term at just over 38 gigatonne (Gt), falling to 35 Gt by the mid-2030s and below 30 Gt by 2050 – a level last seen in 2005 – driven mainly by reduced coal use in China’s power sector. Emissions from end-use…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Air transport fuels
Jet fuel demand accounts for around 7% of global oil demand. Jet fuel markets look to be particularly vulnerable to an extended loss of Middle East production and exports, given limited flexibility elsewhere to increase output. 8. Avoid air travel where alternative options exist Description: Travel for work accounts for a large share (between 20% and 40%) of aviation activity. In many cases, travel for work can be temporarily substituted by virtual meetings. A reduction of around 40% of flights taken for work purposes is feasible in the short term, while maintaining productivity.Impact: Very high voluntary participation to work…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Executive summary
After another record year for EV sales, attention is turning to the impacts of the energy crisis for global car markets Electric car sales grew by 20% globally to exceed 20 million in 2025, meaning one-quarter of all new cars sold were electric. Europe saw the strongest growth among major electric vehicle (EV) markets, with electric car sales rising by more than 30% to reach 28% of total sales, following an increase in the stringency of the European Union’s CO2 standards for cars. China’s growth in electric car sales slowed slightly, in part due to a temporary…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Key questions about hydrogen
How has the conflict in the Middle East affected supplies of fertilisers and chemicals made from hydrogen? The conflict in the Middle East has disrupted not only oil and gas flows, but also global supply chains for hydrogen‑based products, particularly fertilisers and chemicals such as ammonia, urea and methanol. These products account for a large share of hydrogen demand, with ammonia and methanol alone representing roughly half of global consumption.The Middle East plays a critical role in global markets for hydrogen-based products, and a large share of its production is dedicated to exports, making the region a major…
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Global Energy Review 2026 CO2 emissions
…rising by around 0.4%, the slowest rate since 2021. Despite this slowdown, total energy-related CO2 emissions increased by around 145 million tonnes (Mt) in 2025, reaching a new high of nearly 38.4 billion tonnes (Gt), and 5% above 2019 levels. The increase coincided with record atmospheric CO2 concentrations of about 427 parts-per-million (ppm), roughly 2.4 ppm higher than in 2024 and around 50% above pre-industrial levels.Emissions from fuel combustion grew by close to 0.5% (around 185 Mt CO2), while emissions from industrial processes declined by roughly 2% (about 40 Mt CO2…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
