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Global Energy and Climate Model Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE)
The International Energy Agency (IEA) was asked by the COP26 Presidency in 2021 to give an indication of what achieving the 1.5 °C goal would mean for the energy sector. Responding to this request, the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE Scenario) was developed. It represents a global pathway towards the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C, but not the only possible one. The IEA has always been clear that there are various paths to reach this objective and that each country will have its own route. Since 2021, the IEA has updated its NZE Scenario each year…
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Gaining an Edge Policy implications
An integrated policy package is key to deliver value to businesses and the economy Government intervention can help enhance industrial energy efficiency through effective policy packages. To create effective drivers and preconditions for increasing energy efficiency in the industry sector, policy packages combine three main mechanisms, regulation, information and incentives:Regulation is essential to exclude the worst performing equipment and practices from the market, driving greater energy efficiency at both firm and national level. Information improves firms’ awareness and knowledge of their energy efficiency options, highlighting benefits and enabling more efficient choices in energy-related purchases and use. Increased capacity…
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Gaining an Edge Opportunities in efficiency markets
As market demand grows, the manufacturing of energy efficiency technologies represents a new opportunity Facing volatile energy prices, rising energy security risks and stricter regulations, all sectors are turning to energy efficiency technologies to reduce consumption and manage these growing challenges. At the same time, governments around the world committed at COP28 in Dubai in 2023 to work collectively to double the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements.These dynamics have triggered a strong increase in demand for energy efficiency technologies. For example, the market for electric vehicles (EVs) and batteries has grown nearly six-fold from 2020…
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Investment in next-generation geothermal is surging. Policies are key to further growth
Next-generation geothermal readies for take-off Next-generation geothermal is seeing a burst of financing, innovation and new supply agreements Geothermal energy harnesses naturally occurring heat found beneath the Earth’s surface to provide heating and cooling, electricity and energy storage. As global electricity demand rises and power systems place a growing premium on firm supply, geothermal energy’s ability to provide an around-the-clock, low-emissions source of power is attracting renewed attention. However, easy-to-access conventional geothermal resources are relatively rare and mostly confined to a small number of shallow geothermal hotspots globally, accounting for…
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Energy Innovation
CERT co-ordinates and promotes the development, demonstration and deployment of clean energy technologies. The CERT has established five working parties: the Working Party on Fossil Energy; the Working Party on Renewable Energy Technologies; the Working Party on Energy End-Use Technologies; the Fusion Power Co-ordinating Committee and the Working Party of Industrial Decarbonisation. The CERT has also established an Experts' Group on R&D Priority-Setting and Evaluation (EGRD) to advise on R&D priority-setting, linkages to governmental policy objectives and methods in the evaluation of R&D activities, and an understanding of emerging R&D topics. Energy…
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Coal 2025 Prices and costs
Prices Coal prices averaging lower in 2025 than in previous years After unprecedented prices in 2021 and 2022 amid the energy crisis, coal prices continued to be higher than the pre-Covid levels throughout 2023 and 2024. Prices for different coal qualities generally move in tandem, as partial substitution is possible. Thermal coal is mainly consumed in power generation and in this section is classified into low-CV (CV below 4 200 kcal/kg), mid-CV (CV between 4 200 kcal/kg and 5 700 kcal/kg) and high-CV (CV above 5 700 kcal/kg) categories. In some cases, direct substitution between grades is feasible, and blending…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Building
State of the transition Emissions Sectorial CO2 emissions trends have been fairly stable since 2018.Efficiency gains in buildings are improving energy use, but rising ownership of appliances and extreme weather increasingly offset these benefits.Emissions intensity of steel and cement is largely the same as 2020, while global construction activity has slowed in recent years. Cost Investment in building energy efficiency has risen over the past decade, but growth is now stalling, while spending on electrification grows steadily.High-efficiency building envelopes often entail higher upfront costs, constraining uptake in markets without dedicated financial support mechanisms.Strengthening the business…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for gaseous fuels
Global demand for natural gas held up better than demand for other fossil fuels during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, and then increased by 5% in 2021, double its average growth rate over the past decade. A dearth of new projects, weather-related increases in demand, LNG outages and reduced Russian exports tightened the global gas supply balance from mid-2021 and put upward pressure on prices, especially in Europe where the Title Transfer Facility (TTF) benchmark rose from less than USD 10 per million British thermal units (MBtu) in the first-half of 2021 to over 30 USD…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Dashboard
Overview The dashboard provides an interactive view of Chinese official-sector financing for energy across EMDE, enabling users to explore project-level data by year, recipient country or region, technology, instrument, provider type and currency (when applicable). Developed to bring greater understanding of China’s diverse financing channels, the dashboard allows users to filter and compare flows in either USD (2024, MER) or by project count. It is designed to complement the analysis in this report and to support deeper understanding of how different institutions and instruments shape China’s role in EMDE energy finance.Use the filters to explore…
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Gas 2025 Executive summary
The coming LNG wave is set to profoundly transform the global gas market Following the supply shock of 2022/23, natural gas markets moved towards a gradual rebalancing in 2024 and 2025. During this period, supply fundamentals remained tight and prices stayed well above their historic levels. This limited demand growth, especially in price-sensitive Asian markets.Around 300 billion cubic metres per year of new liquefied natural gas (LNG) export capacity is expected to be added worldwide by 2030, primarily supported by liquefaction capacity expansions in the United States and Qatar. This wave of new LNG production capacity is…
