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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Buildings
Introduction Buildings account for about 30% of final energy consumption globally and more than half of electricity consumption. Doubling the global annual energy intensity improvement by 2030 would require buildings to become more efficient rapidly. An integrated policy approach combining regulation, information and incentives is the most effective way to achieve this goal. Regulatory standards such as building energy codes are among the most effective policies to not only boost energy performance and reduce emissions, but also to improve occupants' health, comfort and productivity – while enhancing climate resilience and mitigating energy price fluctuations. Buildings built after a code is introduced can…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Conclusion and lessons learned
Market environment is structurally and geopolitically more fragile One of the primary and most fundamental consequences of the energy crisis is the shift into a structurally more fragile natural gas market environment, compounded by geopolitical uncertainty. The drastic reduction in Russian pipeline flows to Europe also represented a loss of traded gas volumes in the global market. Concurrently, this drove an equally significant reduction in the availability of swing production capacity that had previously provided a degree of price-responsive supply modulation to both the European and global markets. In turn, this led to an increased reliance on LNG trade…
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Coal 2025 Demand
Global coal demand plateau continues, with demand at 2023 levels in 2030 Global coal demand in 2024 is estimated to have reached 8 805 Mt, an increase of 1.5% on the previous year. Growth was concentrated in Asia, while advanced economies continued their structural decline in consumption. Power sector coal use remained the dominant driver, supported by seasonal factors and hydropower variability, while non-power coal demand held broadly stable. China and India accounted for 71% of global consumption, reinforcing the eastward shift in demand.For 2025, global coal demand is projected to reach 8 845 Mt, setting a new record. The increase…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Appliances
Introduction Appliances represent 45% of electricity demand in buildings and are responsible for almost 3 gigatons (Gt) of CO₂ emissions. Doubling the global annual energy intensity improvement by 2030 would require appliances to become 30% to 40% more efficient. An integrated policy approach combining regulation, information and incentives is the most effective way to achieve this goal. Regulations such as minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) can ensure that the least efficient equipment is not sold on the market. MEPS also encourage suppliers to increase the efficiency of the appliances they produce, accelerating the improvement of efficiency on the market. In…
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Delivering Sustainable Fuels Executive summary
Sustainable liquid and gaseous fuels offer multiple benefits Sustainable fuels – including liquid biofuels, biogases, low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels – offer multiple benefits for the energy sector. They complement electrification and energy efficiency in energy transitions, and they are particularly important for sectors that continue to be reliant on fuel-based solutions such as aviation, shipping, and parts of road transport and industry. Sustainable fuels can also enhance energy security, stimulate economic development and strengthen environmental sustainability.Greater use of sustainable fuels can bolster energy security by diversifying fuel supply and reducing fossil-fuel import dependence. Sustainable fuels can…
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Andrew O'Callaghan
Senior Policy and Programme Evaluator, Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI). Andrew O’Callaghan is a Senior Policy and Programme Evaluator at the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI). He works on developing evidence and data models to assess the impact of national retrofit and energy efficiency programmes. Andrew has a background in applied psychology and carbon management, and has previously worked in behavioural economics and energy modelling. His work supports the design of more effective and inclusive policies to advance Ireland’s climate and energy goals.
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Trade and infrastructure
Trade remains a key driver of low-emissions hydrogen projects, and would underpin over 40% of announced volumes by 2030 if all projects materialise. Less than 8% of this, around 1 Mtpa H₂-eq (hydrogen equivalent), comes from projects that are operational, in construction, or have committed investments, compared with around 16% across the overall project pipeline.First shipments of low-emissions hydrogen are taking place, enabling trials of logistics and certification approaches. Long-term bilateral contracts dominate, particularly for ammonia and ammonia-derived fertilisers, while hot briquetted iron (HBI) is gaining prominence.Announced hydrogen pipeline projects, including new and repurposed natural…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production prospects to 2030
Only a small fraction of the total project pipeline can realistically start operating by 2030, highlighting policy gaps The potential low-emissions hydrogen production from announced projects that could be available by 2030 has declined compared to in Global Hydrogen Review 2024. With only five years to 2030, and taking into account typical development cycles, which stretch from three to six years, realising the full pipeline of projects seems very difficult. In addition, we estimate that half of the announced projects face deferred start dates compared to the commercial operation date announced by developers. Delays are particularly acute among electrolyser projects…
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Ajay Mathur
Director General, The Energy and Resources Institute. Dr Ajay Mathur is Director General of TERI, The Energy and Resources Institute in New Delhi, and a member of the Indian Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change. He previously served as Director General of the Indian Government’s Bureau of Energy Efficiency from 2006 to 2016.
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Production
Global hydrogen production remains dominated by unabated fossil fuels. Low-emissions hydrogen production reached almost 1 Mt in 2025 and is expected to register record growth in 2026, accounting for more than 1% of global production, strongly concentrated in China, Europe and North America.Installed electrolysis capacity doubled in 2025 to surpass 4 GW, thanks to the commissioning of several large-scale projects in China. More than 2.5 GW are under construction, targeting operation in 2026. Growth is expected mostly in Europe, with 2 GW, but is highly concentrated in a small number of big projects.One large project for production from fossil…