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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Policy recommendations and milestones
As Armenia shifts toward a sustainable transport sector, a clear roadmap with structured policy recommendations and milestones is essential. To be sure, the transition faces challenges ranging from geopolitical risks to resource limitations. However, it also offers significant opportunities to lower CO2 emissions, improve transport accessibility for people and businesses, enhance regional and international connectivity and wean Armenia from its dependence on imported fossil fuels.In the summary below, the recommendations offered in this roadmap have been grouped into three categories to help the government prioritise its actions effectively and ensure a systematic transition toward low-carbon mobility. Each category…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 3. Saudi Arabia’s first green full-process heavy plate mill project
…Announced in May 2023, the facility, which will be Saudi Arabia’s first full process steel plate production plant, will be located in Ras al-Khair Industrial City and is scheduled to begin operations by the end of 2026. With an annual capacity of up to 1.5 million tonnes, the plant will supply domestic industries and export to the wider Gulf and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.A key feature of the project is its low-carbon production route. The plant will use a natural gas-based direct reduced iron (DRI) furnace and an electric arc furnace…
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Accelerating sustainable transport
Amid a rapidly changing energy landscape and mounting environmental pressures, Armenia faces both an urgent challenge and an opportunity to reshape its transport system. As it seeks to balance the twin goals of enhanced energy security and reduced dependence on imported fossil fuels, Armenia has made the transition to sustainable transport a top priority.This chapter lays out a forward-looking framework designed to accelerate Armenia’s shift to an efficient, low-carbon and resilient transport system. Drawing on international best practices, the recommendations focus on three interconnected priorities: electrifying the road transport fleet, boosting overall transport system efficiency and…
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Regional insights
…Venezuela. Colombia is the only country with an explicit strategy for reducing methane emissions as well as regulations to limit emissions from oil and gas operations. These include explicit technology standards and restrictions on flaring and venting, as well as a requirement for biannual leak detection and repair (LDAR). Brazil is developing regulations to reduce methane emissions from the oil and gas sector, expected by 2026. In its updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), Chile has set a target to reduce methane emissions by 10% by 2035, relative to an expected peak in 2025. At the subnational level in Argentina, the…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Implications and policy considerations
A new recipe for success? Progress on clean cooking requires efforts from a wide range of stakeholders. These include efforts to enhance countries’ policy frameworks, address consumer affordability and other barriers to adoption, cultivate a skilled workforce and mobilise additional financing to the sector – themes discussed in this chapter.Access to low-cost debt will be key for companies to grow their customer base quickly. In the ACCESS, the share of debt financing in the sector increases from 35% today to over 50%. This depends on more financiers being able to assess and appropriately price risk clean cooking companies and…
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Pledges to Progress 2025 Executive summary
At COP28, more than 50 of the world’s leading oil and gas companies launched the Oil and Gas Decarbonization Charter (OGDC), laying out a series of ambitions to achieve net zero operational emissions by 2050. As global methane and flaring emissions continue to rise, these ambitions are more important than ever to reduce energy waste and mitigate the harmful consequences of climate change.To support accountability and transparency, the International Energy Agency (IEA), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO) and the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) set out a framework of 25 metrics to assess and track…
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Understanding methane emissions
Atmospheric methane concentrations continue to rise Methane (CH4) is the second-most harmful greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2), trapping outgoing heat and warming the atmosphere through a process known as radiative forcing. Though it lingers in the atmosphere for far less time (12 years, compared with centuries for CO2), methane absorbs substantially more energy while it does. Cutting methane emissions therefore promises significant near-term climate benefits. Methane carries other hazards, too: it contributes to the formation of ground-level (tropospheric) ozone, a harmful pollutant, and methane leaks can also pose explosion risks.Atmospheric methane concentrations today are 2…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Executive summary
…for fertiliser production. In addition, production outages due to shortages in gas supply and high gas prices in several countries (including Bangladesh, India and Slovakia) have further tightened supply. As a result, fertiliser production costs have increased worldwide, as urea prices doubled between January and May 2026. These pressures have been compounded by rising natural gas prices and export restrictions imposed by major suppliers. Even modest reductions in fertiliser use can lead to declines in crop yields, posing risks to the food supply chain. The risk is particularly acute in import-dependent agricultural economies, such as Morocco, which meets all…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Financing the transition
This chapter considers the economics of heat pumps versus gas boilers and biomass stoves. It explores the role of grants and subsidies and how these affect the lifetime cost of owning a heat pump compared to other heating technologies. Different policy options are then discussed, including potential avenues for multi-lateral policy support at both national and local levels. As previously mentioned, a main barrier to heat pump adoption is the high upfront cost relative to prevailing heating technologies. Governments can help to lower this hurdle through mechanisms such as upfront subsidies or grants and low-interest loans. Another way…
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Financing CCUS at Scale Executive summary
The current wave of investment in carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) is larger and more geographically diverse than ever before. Momentum in private capital flowing into projects is reflected in the more than 30 final investment decisions (FIDs) that have been reached in the past 2 years alone, particularly in Europe and North America, and in key sectors including transport and storage, industry, and power. Investment has grown more than 15-fold since 2020, reaching over USD 5 billion in 2025. The pipeline of projects currently under construction suggests that after years of incremental capacity additions, operational capture capacity is set…
