-
Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Deployment of clean energy technologies, materials and fuels
Outlook Many clean energy technologies are increasingly cost-competitive and growing strongly. Their aggregate market value has grown 20% on average per year since 2015 to reach nearly USD 1.2 trillion. Some 80% of global solar PV and wind generation now occurs at lower levelised costs than for coal or gas. Battery prices have dropped 75% since 2015, pushing electric car sales to around 25% share in 2025. Deployment increases in all IEA scenarios: in the Current Policies Scenario (CPS), their global market value nearly doubles to around USD 2 trillion in 2035, greater than the oil market in…
-
Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Executive summary
…Increased use of fuels that are more costly and still at low levels of market penetration, such as sustainable aviation fuels and other hydrogen-based fuels, would require stronger policy support.The market outlook for low- and near-zero emissions materials is very uncertain as production cost premiums remain high. Technologies like cement kilns fitted with carbon capture, and steel furnaces using electrolytic hydrogen, are expected to cost significantly more than their conventional counterparts over the next decade in most regions. The outlook for near-zero emissions materials is therefore highly dependent on policy support: the market value for near…
-
Hydrogen Tracker
Project-level data on low-emissions hydrogen production worldwide based on data and analysis from the Global Hydrogen Review
-
Designing Energy Efficiency Policies to Enhance Affordability
Examples from G7 countries Energy affordability has emerged as a critical concern in the context of rising global energy prices and growing inequality in energy access. Lower-income households spend a significantly higher share of their income on energy than wealthier households, leaving them exposed to price shocks and especially vulnerable when energy prices increase. Energy efficiency can play a key role in delivering lower energy bills, reducing emissions, and enhancing resilience. However, ensuring that all households benefit requires targeted, inclusive policy design.This issue was a central focus of an IEA workshop held in January 2025 with G7 country…
-
Manufacturing and Trade Model
The IEA’s Manufacturing and Trade (MaT) Model was first developed for the 2024 edition of Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) to produce scenario projections of manufacturing and trade across six key energy technology supply chains. These cover solar photovoltaics (PV), wind turbines, electric cars, batteries, electrolysers and heat pumps. This model is now used to generate detailed sector-by-sector and region-by-region long-term scenarios in IEA publications such as the World Energy Outlook and Global EV Outlook.The MaT model is part of the IEA’s broader modelling framework and is closely linked to the Global Energy…
-
IEA Guide to Reporting Energy Technology RD&D Budgets
…in alignment with the OECD Frascati Manual and clarifies the scope of public and private sector reporting. It also provides instructions for completing the IEA questionnaire, covering budgetary stages, metadata reporting, and common issues. The classification system spans nine major technology groups, including energy end uses, fossil fuels, renewables, nuclear, hydrogen, CO₂ capture, critical minerals, and cross-cutting technologies. This structure supports accurate data collection and policy analysis, enabling governments and stakeholders to track RD&D investments and inform strategic decisions. The manual serves as a reference tool to improve the quality and transparency of energy RD&D statistics globally.
-
Latvia
Latvia is undertaking its energy transition with some promising results to date, with the goal to reduce total greenhouse gas emissions (without land use, land-use change and forestry) by 65% from 1990 levels by 2030 and to achieve net zero by 2050. It has made inroads on the share of renewable energy in its fuel mix, with sizeable shares of bioenergy and hydropower.
Renewable energy sources dominate its electricity mix, in particular, accounting for around three-quarters of domestic generation. Other sectors, notably transport and buildings, continue to consume large amounts of energy and rely on dated infrastructure that…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![Latvia Flag]()
-
Affordability
…by up to one-third. In emerging economies, they can also improve access to energy services. For many products, such as refrigerators, highly efficient models use less than half of the energy of inefficient models. A best-in-class model can save up to 40% in total lifetime cost (purchase and energy) compared with an inefficient one.Energy efficiency can lead to an improved quality of life. For instance, in sub‑Saharan Africa, 80% of the population could afford to buy and use all key appliances – including lights, TV, fans and a refrigerator – when choosing high‑efficiency models, provided there is sufficient…
-
Electrolysers
Country and regional highlights
Progress is spread across different continents, from China, which leads on installed capacity, to the European Union, which have adopted important policies, and other regions like India and the Middle East moving forward with a small number of large-scale projects
Technology deployment
Global installed electrolyser capacity reached 1.4 GW at the end of 2023, almost double the one at the end of 2022
Technology manufacturing
Innovation
Policy
Investment
Acknowledgements
-
How governments can best support consumers during this energy crisis
…around 70% of the total value of a broadly applied reduction in fuel excise duty ends up benefiting middle-high and higher-income groups.This is particularly important because lower-income households are also the most exposed to energy price shocks. At the height of the 2022 energy crisis, low-income households in advanced economies spent around one-quarter of their income on energy – up 4 percentage points from 2021. By contrast, median-income households spent around 10% of their income on energy, with an increase of less than 2 percentage points.Untargeted support also comes at a high fiscal cost...
