-
Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Executive summary
The hydrogen sector continues to grow despite persistent barriers and project cancellations Global hydrogen demand increased to almost 100 million tonnes (Mt) in 2024, up 2% from 2023 and in line with overall energy demand growth. This rise was driven by greater use in sectors that have traditionally consumed hydrogen, like oil refining and industry. Demand from new applications accounted for less than 1% of the total and was almost entirely concentrated in biofuels production. The supply of hydrogen continued to be dominated by fossil fuels, using 290 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas and 90 million tonnes of coal equivalent (Mtce…
-
From farms to fuel: Ukraine’s biomethane opportunity for energy security and European decarbonisation
…emissions gas. Home to the largest agricultural land area in Europe, Ukraine has the resource potential to become one of the continent’s leading biomethane producers, supplying both its domestic market and the EU via an already existing pipeline infrastructure.The first exports of biomethane come at a critical moment. Repeated Russian attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure have exposed the vulnerabilities of centralised energy supply. Although biomethane relies on the same gas distribution and transmission infrastructure as natural gas, its production is inherently more decentralised than domestic natural gas extraction, reducing exposure to disruptions affecting individual production sites. Biogas and…
-
Sheltering From Oil Shocks Air transport fuels
Jet fuel demand accounts for around 7% of global oil demand. Jet fuel markets look to be particularly vulnerable to an extended loss of Middle East production and exports, given limited flexibility elsewhere to increase output. 8. Avoid air travel where alternative options exist Description: Travel for work accounts for a large share (between 20% and 40%) of aviation activity. In many cases, travel for work can be temporarily substituted by virtual meetings. A reduction of around 40% of flights taken for work purposes is feasible in the short term, while maintaining productivity.Impact: Very high voluntary participation to work…
-
Italy
…and energy efficiency, aiming to reach 30% of renewables in total energy consumption and 55% of renewables in electricity generation. The country has experienced notable growth in the renewable energy sector and has successfully integrated large volumes of variable renewable generation. Natural gas is a major source for electricity and heating, therefore Italy has strengthened its energy security by diversifying natural gas supply, making use of the pipeline and LNG infrastructure that it has built up over the last decade. Reducing overall demand for natural gas through an accelerated shift to alternative energy sources and a stronger focus on energy…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![Italy Flag]()
-
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan’s government is continuously investing in oil and gas, to modernise and expand the electricity and heat sector by 2020. Moreover, the energy sector is almost fully subsidised, with citizens receiving free electricity, heat and gas up to a certain level of consumption, until 2030, but the government is taking steps to reduce subsidies to curb domestic demand and increase exports. Turkmenistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![Turkmenistan Flag]()
-
Lithuania
…has undergone several energy transitions over the past decade. Despite importing a large share of its electricity, the country successfully ended its reliance on Russian energy imports in March 2022. Along with its neighbours, Estonia and Latvia, Lithuania disconnected from the Russian electricity system and completed the synchronisation of its grid with the Continental European Synchronous Area (CESA) in February 2025. By 2030, Lithuania aims to shift from being an electricity importer to becoming a net exporter. Although the country’s energy consumption still depends heavily on imported fossil fuels, the share of bioenergy in the domestic energy supply is…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![Lithuania Flag]()
-
Czechia 2025 Executive summary
…should be targeted and temporary, and low-carbon alternatives should be prioritised to avoid overreliance on natural gas, which would result in fossil fuel lock-in. To avoid this lock-in, Czechia is on course to further develop renewable and low-carbon gases, which can be potentially used in the same infrastructure as natural gas. In the first half of 2025, Czechia stopped importing oil from the Russian Federation for the first time, instead importing from alternative suppliers, including liquefied natural gas (LNG) markets. Supplies of nuclear fuel are also being diversified. Two-way cross‑border links are important for electricit...
-
Gas Market Report, Q2-2025 Executive summary
…35 billion cubic metres (bcm), year-on-year (y-o-y) through the 2024/25 heating season in the selected markets covered in the current market update. In contrast with previous years, this relatively strong growth was largely driven by Europe and North America. In Europe, gas consumption increased by nearly 10% y-o-y as lower renewable electricity output supported higher gas burn in the power sector. Periods of low wind power generation highlighted the key role gas-fired power plants can play in ensuring electricity supply security in energy markets increasingly dominated by variable renewables. In North America…
-
Global Energy Review 2025 Oil
…effects eased. Oil’s share of total energy demand fell below 30% for the first time ever, 50 years after peaking at 46%.In 2024, chemical feedstocks and aviation each accounted for around half of oil demand growth in energy terms (in volumetric terms, the share of feedstocks was higher, at around 70%). After rebounding strongly following the end of Covid-19 lockdowns in many countries, growth in oil demand from the road transport sector has slowed markedly in recent years. Since 2022, it has accounted for just 5% of growth in global oil demand in energy terms. The 2024…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
-
+ 3 pages
-
Kirsten Smith
Energy Investment Analyst.
