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The Middle East and Global Energy Markets
The IEA is responding to the energy market impacts of the conflict in the Middle East and continues to closely monitor the latest developments.The disruption to oil and gas flows through the Strait of Hormuz and attacks on energy infrastructure across the region have major implications for energy security and affordability – and for the world economy. The IEA's Executive Director has said the combined impacts amount to "the greatest threat to global energy security in history." The war in the region that began on 28 February has impeded energy trade flows through the Strait, creating the largest supply disruption in…
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Fossil Fuel Subsidies
This approach compares average end-user prices paid by consumers with reference prices that correspond to the full cost of supply. The price gap is the amount by which an end-use price is short of the reference price. Its existence indicates the presence of a subsidy. In a given economy, the basic calculation of subsidies for a product is:Subsidy = (Reference price - End-user price) × Units consumedThese calculations require substantial data. End-user price and consumption data are drawn from IEA data and, where necessary, from government sources and other reports. The estimates are also sensitive to reference…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Dashboard
…technology, instrument, provider type and currency (when applicable). Developed to bring greater understanding of China’s diverse financing channels, the dashboard allows users to filter and compare flows in either USD (2024, MER) or by project count. It is designed to complement the analysis in this report and to support deeper understanding of how different institutions and instruments shape China’s role in EMDE energy finance.Use the filters to explore how Chinese energy finance is distributed around the world. Definition of the fields Technology: specifies the type of technology the provided financing supports. When a specific project spans multiple…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 7. Palembang waste-to-energy plant
…attract private investment. Despite this, only two WTE plants, Surabaya’s Benowo PLTSa and Surakarta’s Putri Cempo PLTSa, both on Java island, were operational before 2024, highlighting a significant gap between policy ambition and actual delivery.The Palembang Waste-to-Energy Project is the city’s first planned large-scale WTE facility and among Indonesia’s most advanced PPP-based WTE developments to date. Initiated by Zheneng Jinjiang Environment Holding Company Limited, a Chinese SOE and leading WTE operator, the project will treat 1 000 tonnes of municipal waste per day and generate 20 MW of electricity. Over a year…
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Chile 2050 Energy Transition Roadmap Executive summary
…IEA to assess what is needed to reduce energy-related emissions to reach net zero emission by 2050. It is based on the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), in which Chile and all other countries meet their announced long-term net zero emissions targets.The energy sector accounts for three-quarters of total greenhouse gas emissions in Chile. Energy-related CO₂ emissions peaked in 2019 at 94 Mt and have since fallen by more than 20% to 72 Mt in 2024. Chile’s Framework Law on Climate Change (2022) enshrines a legally binding target of carbon neutrality by 2050, and i...
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Global Energy Review 2026 CO2 emissions
…was mainly driven by a surge in low-emissions generation combined with slower electricity demand growth compared with 2024, and a notable contraction in cement and steel production. However, these effects were partially offset by the chemical industry. In emerging market and developing economies excluding China, emissions increased by 1.1%, significantly below the 2.2% average annual growth observed over the past five years, with India a major contributor to this slowdown. Emissions in India dipped in 2025, driven primarily by weather effects linked to an earlier and stronger monsoon cycle, alongside continued robust expansion of renewable energy capacity…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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World Energy Investment 2025 United States
…production and in 2024 solar PV module manufacturing capacity nearly tripled to 42 GW.With a boom in Artificial Intelligence (AI), and subsequent investment in data centres (DC), companies are racing to secure sources of clean electricity. This has led to a surge in the US corporate power purchase agreement (PPA) market wherein technology and DC companies have been responsible for procuring 86 GW of renewable capacity since 2015. This has also created demand for next-generation energy technologies such as small modular reactors (SMR) and advanced geothermal plants, reaching agreements respectively for 26 GW (mostly SMR) and 265 MW as of Q4 2024…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Regulating the sector
…s biggest users of energy. Upgrades to building performance through energy codes are critical for lowering energy demand per square metre, as well as improving quality of life, reducing air pollution and making energy more affordable.Energy codes dictate performance requirements for both new and existing buildings. In new buildings, they can be used to ensure that efficient building practices are used, and renewable energy is considered from the beginning. Typically, these standards are simpler to implement because they target industry, rather than the residential sector. In existing buildings, energy codes can specify minimum performance standards, encourage renovation and mandate…
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The Future of Electricity in the Middle East and North Africa Executive summary
…in all other MENA countries. To 2035, cooling is set to be the largest driver of electricity demand growth in the region. The MENA region also faces extreme water stress, with an imbalance between freshwater demand and renewable water supply four times the global average. Seven of the eight most water-stressed nations globally are in the region. To meet demand, MENA produced 12 billion cubic metres (bcm) of desalinated water in 2024, equivalent to the annual flow of the Euphrates River. Production is set to triple by 2035. While most desalination today relies on oil and gas, the last major investment in…
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Delivering Sustainable Fuels Executive summary
…and strengthen environmental sustainability.Greater use of sustainable fuels can bolster energy security by diversifying fuel supply and reducing fossil-fuel import dependence. Sustainable fuels can be produced from domestic resources in many countries, reducing exposure to volatile international oil and gas markets and supply risks. In 2024, liquid biofuels lowered transport fuel import dependence by 5-15 percentage points in relevant importing countries, and global oil demand was around 2.5 million barrels per day lower than it would have been without their contribution.Sustainable fuels can be a catalyst for economic development, particularly in emerging and developing economies…
