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What Next for the Global Car Industry Pathways to global EV cost-competitiveness
…Europe and over 20% lower than in the United States. Reducing the manufacturing cost gap is possible – half is due to efficiency and automation, and 30% to access to low-cost supplies of critical minerals and battery components. Energy costs have only a small impact – between 1% and 4% depending on the region and powertrain -- on the direct cost of car manufacturing including parts and assembly. However, they can be twice as high for battery electric as for conventional cars in countries with above-average energy prices. In upstream industries like steel production, energy accounts for 25% of costs, on average…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Coal
…trends. Overall, coal demand in China in 2025 stayed very close to 2024 levels, recording a slight increase of 0.1%.While China saw continued strong electricity demand growth in 2025, this was met by a combination of fast growth in solar PV and wind generation, increased hydropower output and growth in nuclear power. As a result, coal electricity generation in China declined by around 1.5% in 2025, falling for only the second time since the 1970s. Coal use in energy-intensive industry in China also declined as steel and cement output shrank by 4% and 7%, respectively. However…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Trends in China’s Outbound Energy Finance
…s outbound energy finance over the past decade, with a particular focus on developments since 2022. Drawing on publicly available project information and systematically compiled datasets, the analysis highlights structural changes in the scale, composition and institutional drivers of official financing, with aggregate figures presented up to 2024. Together, these trends reveal how China’s role as an energy financier is evolving – from a gradual decline of traditional policy-bank lending to the rise of more commercial-oriented official providers – and what this means for investment patterns across EMDE. Overall financing trends China’s official outbound financing for energy is…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 7. Palembang waste-to-energy plant
…delivery.The Palembang Waste-to-Energy Project is the city’s first planned large-scale WTE facility and among Indonesia’s most advanced PPP-based WTE developments to date. Initiated by Zheneng Jinjiang Environment Holding Company Limited, a Chinese SOE and leading WTE operator, the project will treat 1 000 tonnes of municipal waste per day and generate 20 MW of electricity. Over a year, it will process nearly 300 000 tonnes of waste, reducing the city’s reliance on landfill disposal, cutting methane emissions, and improving local environmental conditions. The project broke ground in September 2024 with China Power Engineering Consulting…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Road transport fuels
…to the 2026 crisis in the Middle East, several countries have announced measures to encourage working from home. For example, the Philippines and Pakistan have mandated 4-day workweeks for government workers, while Sri Lanka has closed public offices on Wednesdays, and Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam are all actively promoting remote work. Many European governments also encouraged working from home in response to the energy crisis in 2022-23, including through the joint IEA-EU Playing my Part Campaign. For example, France incentivised public officials working from home in 2022, and encouraged private companies to follow this ex...
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in electric car affordability
…In Europe, for example, respondents to a 2023 survey by the European Commission identified the price of battery electric cars as the main barrier to adoption. While battery electric car prices generally fell in 2024, the price gap with ICE cars remains in most regions. Electric car affordability has made significant strides over the past decade, primarily driven by falling battery prices, intensifying market competition and carmakers reaching economies of scale. In 2024, despite the global average battery size growing slightly, the global average battery pack price fell more than 25% compared with 2023 levels. This resulted in a global…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in the electric car industry
…the country’s total output, followed by Japanese and EU OEMs contributing equally to the remaining 30%. Meanwhile, Canada’s output paled in comparison to its neighbours, remaining constant from 2023 at 25 000 vehicles.Electric car production also increased in Asia Pacific countries other than China to reach about 1 million. While incumbent carmakers such as Japan’s Toyota and Korea’s Hyundai were behind most of the region’s output, emerging EV players like VinFast in Viet Nam or Tata in India were responsible for an increasing share of production, growing from 10% in 2023 to 15% in 2024. In In...
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Gas Market Report, Q1-2026 Executive summary
…While supply fundamentals remained tight in the first half of the year, strong LNG production growth gradually eased market conditions starting from July. Following a relatively strong increase in 2024, global gas demand growth slowed markedly in 2025 due to a combination of weaker industrial activity and relatively high spot LNG prices in the first half of the year. Market opening reforms continued to gather pace in Asia while the European Union reached a historic decision to phase out Russian natural gas imports by November 2027 at the latest.Global LNG supply growth is set to accelerate further in 2026…
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Accelerating sustainable transport
…of policy options, technological upgrades and financing mechanisms. The objective is clear: to help Armenia transition quickly and decisively to a transport system that meets modern standards of safety and efficiency while supporting sustainable, innovation-driven growth. Governance and improved data quality Armenia faces several institutional hurdles that complicate efforts to advance sustainable transport governance. While the 2019 merger of the former Ministry of Energy Infrastructures with the Ministry of Transport into the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure (MTAI) has helped improve co-ordination on transport-related issues, high staff turnover threatens institutional memory and disrupts continuity. A lack…
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Coal 2025 Executive summary
Global coal demand in 2025 is set to remain close to 2024 levels amid unusual regional trends Key factors such as weather, fuel prices and policy decisions all shaped global coal consumption in 2025, driving changes in demand that often ran counter to recent country or regional trends.In India – one of the traditional engines of coal demand growth – an early and strong monsoon season depressed electricity demand and boosted hydropower output. As a result, the country’s annual coal power generation is set to decline year-on-year for only the third time in the past five decades. In…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
