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Global Energy and Climate Model Policies
Policies database Underpinning the scenario analysis of the GEC Model, an extensive effort is made to update and expand the list of energy and climate-related policies and measures that feed into our modelling. Assumptions about government policies are critical to this analysis and are the main reason for the differences in outcomes across the scenarios. A summary of some of the key policy targets and measures for different sectors by selected countries and regions can be found in the Annex B of WEO-2025.Although all care has been taken to ensure accuracy, completeness and clarity of content in…
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Investment in next-generation geothermal is surging. Policies are key to further growth
Next-generation geothermal readies for take-off Next-generation geothermal is seeing a burst of financing, innovation and new supply agreements Geothermal energy harnesses naturally occurring heat found beneath the Earth’s surface to provide heating and cooling, electricity and energy storage. As global electricity demand rises and power systems place a growing premium on firm supply, geothermal energy’s ability to provide an around-the-clock, low-emissions source of power is attracting renewed attention. However, easy-to-access conventional geothermal resources are relatively rare and mostly confined to a small number of shallow geothermal hotspots globally, accounting for…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Electric vehicle batteries
Trends in battery demand Global battery demand for the energy sector hit the 1 TWh milestone in 2024 Electric cars remain the main driver of battery demand, but demand for trucks nearly doubledBattery demand in the energy sector, for both EV batteries and storage applications, reached the historical milestone of 1 TWh in 2024. Demand for one average week alone in 2024 exceeded the total demand for an entire year just a decade earlier. Demand was largely driven by growth in EV sales, as demand for EV batteries grew to over 950 GWh – 25% more than in 2023. Electric cars remain the…
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Financing the Modernisation of Power Systems Beyond Coal Executive summary
The role of coal in power systems is evolving This report assesses the potential applications, limitations and relevance of transition credits in Southeast Asia. Coal is the largest source of power generation worldwide and the largest source of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. All Southeast Asian countries with coal in their power generation mix have adopted commitments to reduce coal-fired generation or emissions targets that imply a significant decline in coal consumption in the coming decades. To meet these targets, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has long emphasised that a range of strategies can be deployed to reduce coal…
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World Energy Investment 2025 United States
Energy investment policies in the United States reflect its prioritisation of energy security Energy investment in the United States reflects its prioritisation of energy security, with a subsequent strategic push to establish a presence in emerging value chains and to supply international markets. Since becoming a net energy exporter in 2019, a remarkable turnaround from its high previous reliance on imports, the country has continued to expand its global energy role. In 2024 it was the world’s largest producer of oil and gas (20% of global output), as well as a major investor (25% of total investment). This growth…
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Cost of Capital Observatory
Tracking the cost of capital for clean energy projects in emerging and developing economies The Cost of Capital Observatory is an initiative from the IEA, the World Economic Forum, ETH Zurich and Imperial College London. The aim of the Observatory is to increase transparency in the energy sector and inspire investor confidence, especially in emerging and developing countries where data on financing costs is scarcer.The Observatory is divided into three sections:A Dashboard that provides free data on the cost of capital for energy projects in emerging and developing economies, updated with 2023 and 2024 data in July and…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Setting the scene
Context and scenario design All sources of energy increased in 2024 to meet the world’s rising energy needs. Electricity use expanded rapidly across a range of sectors. Deployment of renewable power generation again broke records in 2024, meeting more than 70% of the increase in electricity demand. Consumption of each of the fossil fuels rose. Global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reached another all-time high. The energy sector faces many uncertainties. The global economy is projected to grow at an average rate of 3% in the 2024-2030 period, but changes in the global policy environment and…
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Prospects for Natural Gas Certification
This report offers an overview of the role of certification in natural gas supply chains, provides a broad mapping of existing initiatives, highlights selected regulatory and market developments, identifies areas where improvements may be needed, and presents recommendations to support the development of credible certification frameworks.Certified natural gas refers to gas whose environmental and social attributes – such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions performance, water use, local community impacts and worker safety – have been independently verified against defined criteria or benchmarks. In 2024, around 7.5% of global natural gas production was certified, with volumes primarily originating from North America…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Policy and strategic actions
Highlights As global electric car markets grow, countries that are home to car manufacturing operations are faced with the challenging task of ensuring that the industry retains its domestic footprint and international revenues, or even expands downstream to become a larger supplier of final products that add more value to the economy. Among other factors, uncertainty about the pace of electrification and the cost gap with Chinese production mean most countries face tough choices as they pursue near- and long-term strategies to boost industrial competitiveness.Where the car industry aims at pursuing electrification strategies, there are public and private…
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Joint Statement in Support of the IEA-Ukraine Collaboration Programme
The extensive damage to critical civilian and energy infrastructure across Ukraine is a direct result of Russia’s ongoing war of aggression against Ukraine. The intensification of Russian attacks on critical energy infrastructure in Ukraine throughout 2025, in particular, has had severe consequences for the daily lives of the civilian population and these attacks have continued to rise in both scale and intensity this winter.The IEA-Ukraine Collaboration Programme – in parallel with other international donor efforts, including those coordinated through the G7+ Ukraine Energy Support Group – represents a key initiative through which the IEA is able to support Ukraine…