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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Five key questions about hydrogen
…particularly in steel, shipping, and aviation applications.While challenges remain – including high production costs, demand and regulatory uncertainty, and infrastructure gaps – the positive developments significantly outweigh the setbacks. This is an encouraging sign for a sector that can play an important role in meeting government commitments to address climate change and strengthen energy security, at a moment when geopolitical tensions are rising. How can low-emissions hydrogen demand take off? While investment in low-emissions hydrogen production is gaining momentum, uncertain demand continues to pose a critical challenge to the industry's viability. Cumulative firm offtake agreements account for less…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Financing Energy Efficiency
…reach USD 3.4 trillion in 2026, a 5% increase from 2025. Clean energy investment is projected to remain around USD 2.2 trillion, representing nearly two‑thirds of total energy spending and continuing to outpace fossil fuels. Investment in electricity systems such as grids, storage, and electrification, is increasingly driven by energy security concerns and rising electricity demand. Energy efficiency also remains essential to strengthening system resilience, reducing costs for consumers and businesses, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Accelerating the uptake of efficient technologies across buildings, industry, and transport is therefore critical to maximising the benefits of the global energy transition.Investment patterns, however…
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Financing Clean Energy in Africa Executive summary
A dramatic increase in energy investment into African countries is essential Multiple recent crises have made it increasingly challenging for many African countries to raise financing to support their clean energy ambitions, despite the continent’s huge needs and rich and varied resources. Africa accounts for around 20% of the world’s population but attracts less than 2% of its spending on clean energy. In recent years, African countries have had to deal with a series of overlapping crises, including the Covid-19 pandemic, the energy and food crises following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and worsening climate risks. Borrowing…
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World Energy Investment 2025 How we track investment in energy
…of an existing one takes a final investment decision (FID), i.e. when a project reaches financial close or begins construction) to the year in which it becomes operational. For other sources, such as upstream oil and gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects, investment reflects the capital spending incurred over time as production from a new source ramp up, or to maintain output from an existing asset.For energy efficiency, the measurement task is more complex and much of the expenditure is by consumers for whom purchases of more efficient goods are not investments per se. In WEI 2025…
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Benin
Benin is reliant on electricity imports for a significant share of its energy supply. Reform programmes, including plans for electrification, have been put in place in the country, where only 30% of the population had access to electricity in 2017.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Energy Review 2025 Natural gas
… contributed to higher gas burn in the power sector in 2024. Extreme temperatures alone accounted for around one-fifth of the increase in global natural gas demand. Natural gas demand in the residential and commercial building sectors grew by around 1% in 2024.Natural gas continued to displace oil and oil products in various sectors, supported by policies, regulations and market dynamics. In the Middle East, oil-to-gas switching in the power sector continued in 2024. In road transport, the rapid scaling up of natural gas-powered trucks in China – with record sales in 2024 – contributed to lower diesel…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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COP28: Tracking the Energy Outcomes
The latest IEA data and analysis on global action to meet the energy goals set at COP28 Nearly 200 countries made major collective pledges on energy at the COP28 climate summit in Dubai with the aim of keeping within reach the Paris Agreement target of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C. For the first time, governments explicitly recognised that to achieve this target, energy-related emissions need to reach net zero by 2050, and they set key goals to help meet this objective – including tripling global renewable energy capacity and doubling global energy efficiency improvements by 2030, and deploying emerging technologies…
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Jobs
Multiple benefits of Energy Efficiency 2025 Energy efficiency provides multiple benefits. This page explores jobs. Why is energy efficiency important for jobs? Investment in energy efficiency creates jobs in a wide range of occupations and geographic locations. Key facts Around 10 million people work in energy efficiency-related jobs globally, representing nearly 15% of all energy-related jobs. Studies indicate that energy efficiency creates between 4 and 22 jobs per USD 1 million invested, depending on economic structure and energy efficiency measure. By lowering energy spending, energy efficiency also helps foster business growth and competitiveness. Energy efficiency offers a wide array of job opportunities…
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Gaining an Edge Energy demand and competitiveness
Energy is at the centre of competitiveness amid high costs, growing demand, and rising trade pressures Energy is a vital input into all productive sectors of the economy. In an environment of fierce global competition and shifting trade patterns, energy costs are a major determinant of long-term investment, jobs and business competitiveness. Finding ways to reduce energy costs while producing more or better products is good for both profitability and overall economic growth. While energy prices are volatile in many countries, recent high prices combined with instability and fragmentation in energy markets have widened energy price gaps between regions…
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Global Energy and Climate Model About the Global Energy and Climate Model
Overview Since 1993, the IEA has provided medium- to long-term energy projections using a continually evolving set of detailed, world-leading modelling tools. First, the World Energy Model (WEM) – a large-scale simulation model designed to replicate how energy markets function – was developed. A decade later, the Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) model – a technology-rich bottom-up model – was developed for use in parallel to the WEM.Over the past four years, the IEA has worked to develop a new integrated modelling framework: the IEA’s Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model. This model is now the principal tool…
