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Aviation
Country and regional highlights
Political agreement on net zero targets for aviation has been complemented by fiscal and regulatory policies to promote sustainable aviation fuels
CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions from aviation have reached 90% of their pre-Covid-19 peak
Energy
Improvements in energy intensity have not been sufficient to counterbalance energy demand growth in recent years
Activity
Passenger activity has nearly closed the gap with pre-Covid levels
Innovation
Policy
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Key Questions on Energy and AI Executive summary
The AI and energy nexus continues to evolve rapidly The largest technology companies are contributing to a surge in data centre investment, as their capital expenditure exceeded USD 400 billion in 2025 – and is expected to jump by another 75% in 2026. Capital expenditure of just five technology companies is now larger than global investment in oil and natural gas production. Many jurisdictions are seeing project pipelines accelerate dramatically, although not all projects will come to fruition. Those that are moving forward are doing so at pace: the IEA’s unique satellite-based tracking shows that “artificial intelligence (AI) factories…
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Egypt
Egypt has initiated a number of energy sector reforms, gradually reducing electricity subsidies and introducing feed-in tariffs to promote renewable energy production. The energy sector reforms recently initiated by the country have resulted in a significant increase in investments which have boosted electricity production over the last 5 years and ensured a stable supply across the country.
Egypt also has plans to increase the share of renewables in the electricity mix to 42% by 2035.- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Iceland
In 2007, the Icelandic government released a Climate Change Strategy conceived as a framework for action and government involvement in climate change issues, and setting forth a long-term goal of reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by 50 to 75% of 1990 levels by 2050.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Iraq
Iraq holds abundant oil and gas resources and has strong solar PV potential. Its production to 2030 is set to be third largest contributor to global oil supply. By the same year, the government expects that renewable capacity will amount for 5% of the country’s total system capacity.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Southeast Asia’s energy challenges and emerging opportunities
…Renewables, electrification and efficiency therefore offer long-term security as well as emissions benefits. Developing domestic oil and gas resources where geologically and economically viable, and enhancing the resilience of oil supply through diversification and refinery system flexibility also contribute region’s resilient energy system. Some countries turn to coal when gas prices spike, but coal use entails broader risks, including CO₂ emissions and air pollution, which contributed to an estimated 330 000 premature deaths in 2024. Measures implemented as of 7 May 2026. FX = foreign exchange. CB = central bank. Interest in nuclear power is growing as Southeast…
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Stepping Up the Value Chain in Africa Executive summary
…that are essential inputs to their production. African countries have the potential to change this, tapping into opportunities that can enable economic growth and job creation, as well as supporting domestic efforts to expand access to affordable energy, digitalise, and diversify their economies. This report explores three key elements of these opportunities on the African continent: critical minerals beneficiation; production of low-emissions, energy-intensive commodities; and clean energy technology manufacturing. From extraction to beneficiation of critical minerals Africa is already a major supplier to the global market for many minerals such as cobalt, manganese, bauxite and platinum‐group metals…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Outlook for clean cooking in Africa
…and market trends, only three African countries are set to reach universal clean cooking access by mid-century. Sub-Saharan Africa could achieve universal coverage by 2040, if countries were to replicate the best historical rates of progress seen in similar countries around the world – a pathway explored in the new Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS). It will require 80 million people to gain access annually, or a 4.7 percentage point improvement in access rates each year, comparable to rates of progress seen in Indonesia, Cambodia and Viet Nam. By 2035 in the ACCESS, nearly all…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Unlocking the opportunity - A roadmap for action
…will be key. Introduction Hydrogen and its derivatives could offer a valuable opportunity for Ukraine in the long term. Taking advantage of this opportunity will require action outside and within the energy sector to improve the business case for hydrogen projects. Looking at the economy, improving revenues and public finance and debt management will be crucial to balance the public budget and enable the necessary investments in reconstruction. From the perspective of restoring energy supply, the power sector must be a key priority in order to ensure energy security and capacity adequacy. From the lens of decarbonisation, hydrogen has a…
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Argentina
Argentina’s total primary energy mix is dominated by natural gas (55%) and oil (33%), with bioenergy contributing 5%, and hydropower and nuclear another 3% each. Argentina has the 2nd largest reserve of shale gas and the 4th largest reserve of shale oil worldwide. In 2019, the country produced 500,000 bpd of oil, of which 89,000 bpd was exported, but the country remains a net importer of oil products. In terms of power generation, Argentina relies on natural gas (65%), hydropower (18%), followed by nuclear 8%, wind (7%) and solar (1%). A set of public policies have boosted…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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