-
Global Energy Review 2025
…demand for electricity rising almost twice as fast as wider energy demand due to higher demand for cooling, rising consumption by industry, the electrification of transport and the growth of data centres and artificial intelligence. Nearly all of the rise in electricity demand was met by low-emissions sources, led by the record-breaking expansion of solar PV capacity, with further growth in other renewables and nuclear power. Gas demand also picked up substantially, while oil and coal consumption increased more slowly than in 2023.CO2 emissions from the energy sector continued to increase in 2024 but at a slower…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
-
+ 3 pages
-
Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025
…and early 2025 and offers medium- and long-term projections for the supply and demand of key energy minerals, taking into account the latest policy and technology developments.The 2025 Outlook also explores key techno-economic issues such as policy mechanisms to support diversification; mineral supply chains for emerging battery technologies; recent innovations in mining, refining and recycling; and a broader view on strategic minerals for applications beyond the energy sector. As a new chapter, the report also includes a comprehensive review of mineral markets and policy developments in different regions. The report will be accompanied by an updated version of our Critical Minerals…
-
Renewables in District Energy
…and cooling. District energy networks already supply heat to around 600 million people worldwide, but many systems remain heavily dependent on fossil fuels, exposing consumers and utilities to price volatility, supply risks and high emissions.The report provides a global overview of district energy systems, their fuel mixes, market conditions, governance models and affordability implications. It explores the growing opportunities offered by renewable and recovered heat sources, including bioenergy, geothermal, solar thermal, waste heat, large-scale heat pumps and thermal energy storage. It also sets out policy priorities for three types of markets: established systems with high renewable shares, fossil fuel…
-
Scaling Up Transition Finance Financial institutions and transition finance
…conception of value. Emerging market and developing economies face outsized investment needs but have relatively shallow capital markets, necessitating cross-border finance that respects region-specific pathways. Two participation gaps must be addressed: “left-out” actors (e.g. small and medium enterprises and capacity-constrained firms) that need supportive access, and “opt-out” actors with capacity but limited incentives to participate. Equivalence across taxonomies and recognition of transition finance’s contribution, rather than a narrow, near-term focus on financed emissions, are essential to unlock capital.The distinguishing “transition” characteristic hinges on strategies and robust follow-up. Sector-appropriate key…
-
China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case studies
…trends reveal a system that is becoming more diversified, risk-sensitive and commercially oriented, the specific pathways through which Chinese capital supports energy transitions in EMDE become clearer when examined at the project level.The following case studies illustrate this diversity in practice, from large-scale renewable deployment and grid modernisation to industrial decarbonisation, equity participation in regional infrastructure platforms and upstream resource development. Together, they show how different parts of China’s official financing system interact with local conditions, how technical capabilities are deployed across markets, and how risk-mitigation tools, co-investment structures and SOE balance-sheets shape…
-
Stepping Up the Value Chain in Africa
…in the growing global market for energy technologies, identifying opportunities beyond a role centred around extraction and mining to one more focused on mineral beneficiation, material production and technology manufacturing. These opportunities would enable Africa to retain a greater share of the economic value generated across energy technology supply chains, and would simultaneously contribute to global efforts to enhance supply chain diversification and resilience.The economic benefits of the new energy economy are currently distributed very unevenly. Emerging markets and developing economies other than China account for less than 5% of the value generated from producing key energy technologies today…
-
Jobs
…look at job location Energy efficiency spurs job creation at the local level while creating economy-wide gains. While jobs in industrial efficiency and manufacturing tend to be more concentrated, sectors such as buildings, which require the deployment of technicians to install and repair equipment or energy auditors, can also boost local employment. Investments in qualification and upskilling can decrease the risk of skills and labour shortages and enable the economy to benefit from the full potential of energy efficiency job creation. In the United States, IEA analysis shows that energy efficiency offers more jobs than other energy sectors – such…
-
Clean Energy Technology Supply Chain Data
…an essential role to play. The availability of good-quality, timely data is crucial to gaining this understanding and to identifying and addressing supply chain vulnerabilities.This report is provided as an input to the discussions taking place as part of the Global Clean Power Alliance Supply Chains Mission – an initiative established by the Government of the United Kingdom to advance practical solutions to strengthen clean power supply chains. This report addresses the data component of this initiative and explores the challenges – and potential solutions – to the paucity of granular and timely data associated with clean energy technology supply chains.
-
The energy crisis creates even stronger impetus for EU electrification
…energy consumption relies on fossil fuels, of which the EU imports more than 80%.This commentary is the first in a series examining the case for electrification in the EU, identifying cost competitiveness and areas where targeted policies could catalyse change. Fuel price ratios determine electrification competitiveness To make electrification cost-competitive, electricity prices need to fall below a threshold ratio relative to the price of fossil fuels. Because most electrification options are several times more efficient than conventional alternatives, they can be cheaper to operate than conventional fuel-based technologies even when electricity costs more per unit of energy…
-
Financing Clean Energy in Africa Designing finance solutions for clean energy: solutions for key sectors
…there are still some countries and sectors where grants and concessional funding need to lead. Achieving universal access to modern energy requires a major uptick in spending, reaching roughly USD 25 billion per year by 2030. Affordability constraints risk acting as a brake: only around half of the new electricity access connections providing the most basic energy services are likely to be affordable in the absence of additional financial support, such as subsidies, grants or tariff reform. Clean cooking projects beyond improved cookstoves face similar challenges. Grants, concessional capital and government support will therefore play a critical role, particularly in rural areas…
