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World Energy Outlook 2022 Key findings
…that came before. The shocks in the 1970s were about oil, and the task facing policy makers was relatively clear (if not necessarily simple to implement): reduce dependence on oil, especially oil imports. By contrast, the energy crisis today has multiple dimensions: natural gas, but also oil, coal, electricity, food security and climate. Therefore, the solutions are similarly all encompassing. Ultimately what is required is not just to diversify away from a single energy commodity, but to change the nature of the energy system itself, and to do so while maintaining the affordable, secure provision of energy services. Key findings…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Buildings
Introduction Buildings account for about 30% of final energy consumption globally and more than half of electricity consumption. Doubling the global annual energy intensity improvement by 2030 would require buildings to become more efficient rapidly. An integrated policy approach combining regulation, information and incentives is the most effective way to achieve this goal. Regulatory standards such as building energy codes are among the most effective policies to not only boost energy performance and reduce emissions, but also to improve occupants' health, comfort and productivity – while enhancing climate resilience and mitigating energy price fluctuations. Buildings built after a code is introduced can…
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Renewables 2022 Renewable heat
…from the previous year’s 11%. Modern bioenergy made the largest contribution to the increase in renewable heat consumption, owing essentially to rebounding activity in industry, followed by renewable electricity as heat pump deployment in the buildings and industry sectors accelerated. Annual heat-related CO2 emissions rose by almost 0.6 Gt CO2 to 14.1 Gt CO2, representing 39% of global energy-related CO2 emissions.The rise in policy attention renewable heat is gaining worldwide is due not only to environmental considerations but to acute energy security concerns in the context of the current global energy crisis. Major recent heat-related policy updates…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Appliances
Introduction Appliances represent 45% of electricity demand in buildings and are responsible for almost 3 gigatons (Gt) of CO₂ emissions. Doubling the global annual energy intensity improvement by 2030 would require appliances to become 30% to 40% more efficient. An integrated policy approach combining regulation, information and incentives is the most effective way to achieve this goal. Regulations such as minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) can ensure that the least efficient equipment is not sold on the market. MEPS also encourage suppliers to increase the efficiency of the appliances they produce, accelerating the improvement of efficiency on the market. In…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Investment and innovation
Highlights Capital spending on low-emissions hydrogen projects reached USD 4.3 billion in 2024, an 80% increase from 2023. Based on recent final investment decisions (FIDs), spending could rise by more than 80% in 2025 to nearly USD 8 billion.In 2024, capital spending was almost evenly split between electrolysis and carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS)-equipped hydrogen production. In 2025, electrolysis is expected to account for 80% of spending but only 56% of production from projects under construction, given its higher capital intensity.Investment in electrolysis-based projects is highest in China and Europe, while the United States allocates a larger share…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Policy response to the crisis
As markets reeled from the drastic reduction in Russian pipeline gas supply to Europe and as global trade and demand patterns shifted, governments did not remain idle. Faced with the spectre of supply shortages, worsening current accounts, and inflation pressure linked to energy imports and rising energy prices for citizens and businesses alike, governments across the main LNG-importing regions rapidly implemented policy and market measures in response to the crisis. Europe The European Union and its member states adopted a number of measures to enhance security of supply and market resilience ahead of the 2022/23 heating season. However…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Executive summary
…more of production. How the incumbent car industry responds to these shifts will be critical for its future and that of industries across the supply chain – and for the energy sector as a whole. Passenger cars are the single largest source of global oil demand today, covering around one-quarter of total consumption, while electric cars are a small but growing driver of electricity demand. The use of alternative fuels, notably biofuels, represents 5% of energy use from cars today and is set to grow in support of policy priorities such as fuel diversification and emissions reductions. The extent and…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Natural gas
…Global gas demand in the power sector grew by less than 1% in 2025. In the United States, higher natural gas prices supported gas-to-coal switching for electricity generation. In the Asia Pacific region, high spot LNG prices in the first half of the year, together with continued renewables growth and improving nuclear availability, slowed growth in gas use for power. In contrast, in the European Union, gas-to-power demand grew strongly amid higher electricity consumption and lower power output from wind and hydro. In Brazil, lower hydropower availability supported a strong increase in gas-based power generation…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Brazil 2025 Executive summary
…areas to ensure that they properly align with the government’s core objectives for the energy transition. Brazil has prioritised achieving a people-centred clean energy transition. It has already made significant strides in improving energy access and affordability, notably through the Light for All Program (Programa Luz para Todos) and targeted subsidies for electricity and natural gas. Looking ahead, a key challenge for the government will be to design policy to ensure that the benefits of energy transitions are widespread for all citizens and can be leveraged to accelerate economic opportunities and reduce inequalities. As part of this effort…
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Sustainable Transport for Georgia: A Roadmap Sustainable transport roadmap
…plans, as shown by already completed or underway in the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) and the 2024-2025 Climate Action Plan. Some prospects, such as partnering with global firms to build domestic low-emissions technology capacity, have not yet been realised, but should be considered.Georgia’s strong renewable electricity base, strategic location as a link between Asia and Europe, and skilled workforce create advantages for developing electric battery and vehicle value chains, expanding freight hubs and deep-sea ports, and even potentially producing electrolytic hydrogen and low-emissions hydrogen derivatives for export to the European Union. Partnerships…
