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Global Energy Review 2026 Coal
…grew modestly above 2024 levels, rising by only 0.4%, an increase of around 30 million tonnes (or 0.7 EJ). This growth, which was in line with IEA estimates, was significantly below the 1.4% increase seen in 2024 and marked the end of the post-Covid rebound, with global coal demand growth slowing each year since 2021.Coal use in power generation diverged from recent trends in several regions around the world. In the United States, strong coal use in the power sector supported a 10% rise in demand, reversing the trend of declines in recent years. Meanwhile…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Biogas and biomethane outlook to 2050
…STEPS. Transport remains a small fraction of overall biogases usage, in the form of compressed or liquefied biomethane, but nevertheless plays a role in fuel switching. In emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs), fuel switching from oil accounts for roughly 40% of biomethane demand growth to 2035, followed by coal displacement in the power sector (33%) and natural gas displacement in buildings (9%). Geographies of demand change significantly in both the STEPS and APS. While Europe and North America currently make up just under 60% of demand for biogases, EMDEs constitute the new majority by 2035 in the STEPs…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Clean Efficient Cooking
Clean Efficient Cooking
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Ireland
Ireland put in place an ambitious and comprehensive set of policies and targets to reach net zero by 2050 and 80% of renewable electricity generation by 2030, but now their implementation needs to accelerate. Natural gas will remain an important part of the energy mix at least until the mid-2030s, especially to meet peak electricity demand, but offshore renewable energy will become the cornerstone of Ireland’s energy transition beyond 2030. Given Ireland’s current exclusive reliance on energy imports from the United Kingdom, energy security is a major concern to the government while transitioning to a (variable) renewables…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Hydrogen Review 2024 Progress summary dashboard
Note: 2024e = Estimated based on announced projects. FID = Final Investment Decision.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has moved forward in the implementation of energy efficiency standards on key sectors and end-uses linked to their energy saving potential. These standards are focused on and the transport and building sectors. For example, new buildings are now required to be insulated.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Colombia Executive summary
…trends. Colombia is currently the sixth-largest coal exporter globally and the fourth-largest oil exporter in the region, meaning its economy is exposed to fuel price volatility. Exporting primary materials and importing higher-value goods such as refined products or cars places Colombia as a net importer in monetary terms. …and fossil fuels lead Colombia’s energy mix Over 75% of Colombia’s total energy demand was met by fossil fuels in 2024, of which oil comprised more than 40%, followed by natural gas and coal. Oil is the main fuel used to meet transport demand at 90%…
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Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan’s government is continuously investing in oil and gas, to modernise and expand the electricity and heat sector by 2020. Moreover, the energy sector is almost fully subsidised, with citizens receiving free electricity, heat and gas up to a certain level of consumption, until 2030, but the government is taking steps to reduce subsidies to curb domestic demand and increase exports. Turkmenistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Transport
Introduction Private cars and vans were responsible for more than 25% of global oil use and around 10% of energy-related CO2-emissions in 2023. Doubling global annual energy intensity improvement by 2030 would require the efficiency of cars to improve by 5% each year. An integrated policy approach combining regulation, information and incentives is the most effective way to achieve this goal.Regulations such as fuel economy standards and heavy-duty vehicle standards encourage manufacturers to introduce more efficient vehicles, thereby significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Countries with regulations and/or efficiency-based purchase incentives in place improve efficiency…
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Blueprint for Action on Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions
Global Commission on People-Centred Clean Energy Transitions: Designing for Fairness June 2025 This year’s G20 President, South Africa, is placing a major focus on just and inclusive energy transitions. This builds on Brazil’s 2024 G20 Presidency which elevated just and inclusive energy transitions as a priority on the global agenda. Under Brazil’s Presidency, the G20 leaders endorsed ten voluntary Principles for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions. The Global Commission believes these principles form a powerful framework for how governments, each navigating their own set of circumstances, can proceed with clean energy transitions that provide benefits and…
