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World Energy Investment 2025 Middle East
…40% of upstream investment is consistently drawn from foreign sources. In Iraq, about 70% of upstream investment comes from foreign sources and is increasing with the country set to award 30 new oil and gas projects in the latest two licensing rounds.In the power sector, natural gas provides two-thirds of the region’s power, and the Middle East, together with the United States, accounted for nearly half of all new natural gas-fired financial investment decisions in 2024. The region also has growing contributions from renewables and nuclear, which have doubled their share since 2015 to reach almost…
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Suriname
The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Suriname to the Paris Agreement included commitments to improve sustainable forest management with the goal of enhancing the country's carbon sink potential, but no targets in terms of absolute or relative GHG emissions by 2030.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Biofuels
Country and regional highlights
The United States Inflation Reduction Act makes USD 9.4 billion available for biofuels
Energy
Biofuel demand increased by 6% in 2022, continuing the recent pace of growth
Technology deployment
Biofuel production technology needs to diversify to sustainably take advantage of existing waste and residue feedstocks
Innovation
Technologies that can convert woody feedstocks into biofuels need to be proven at scale in the next few years
Supporting infrastructure
Policy
Investment
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The State of Energy Innovation 2026
…for economic competitiveness and energy security. The share of all patents that are related to energy is growing, and over 320 new energy start-ups raised their first funding in 2025. These are signals of an active ecosystem but innovators depend on a predictable funding and policy framework. The report shows that the value of spending on energy innovation can be seen in market outcomes, with public energy innovation support behind some recent, major steps forward in the energy sector. The report includes several timely policy recommendations and in-depth chapters on two dynamic fields, namely technologies to enhance electricity…
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Financing the Modernisation of Power Systems Beyond Coal Executive summary
…can be deployed to reduce coal emissions. The global energy crisis of the first half of 2026 has added a layer of complexity to coal transition and energy security strategies: heightened volatility in gas markets, driven in large part by conflict in the Middle East, has increased the short-term economic value of existing coal assets. At the same time, interest has grown in new financing mechanisms that could help accelerate coal transitions. Transition credits are one such option that have received increasing attention in the energy and carbon markets community in Southeast Asia. This report examines how transition credits…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Implications of CPS and STEPS
…of the oil and gas exported globally in 2035 in both scenarios, up from 45% today. The total fossil fuel import bill for these countries rises by 40% in the CPS over the next ten years, reaching USD 1.2 trillion by 2035. Although total energy investment is marginally lower in the CPS than in the STEPS, energy prices and overall energy bills are generally higher. Supplies of key critical minerals are catching up with demand growth to 2035 if anticipated projects come through on time, with the important exception of copper. But the high level of market concentration means that there…
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Executive summary
…and household purchasing power, policies must prioritise the most economically viable use cases and ensure broad access to electrification. Sustaining momentum will require further differentiation of vehicle import duties, indexing fuel taxes to inflation, and mobilising low-cost international finance to support adoption.The transition to electric mobility will be gradual, requiring a framework that balances fiscal sustainability, economic viability and social equity. The achievements of the past decade already provide a foundation for reform. Existing vehicle import duties should be modified to reflect differences in fuel efficiency and emissions, alongside stricter monitoring and enforcement of in-use vehicles. Circula...
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Executive summary
…industry. Demand from new applications accounted for less than 1% of the total and was almost entirely concentrated in biofuels production. The supply of hydrogen continued to be dominated by fossil fuels, using 290 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas and 90 million tonnes of coal equivalent (Mtce) in 2024. Low-emissions hydrogen production grew by 10% in 2024 and is on track to reach 1 Mt in 2025, but it still accounts for less than 1% of global production.While the uptake of low-emissions hydrogen is not yet meeting the ambitions set in recent years – held back by high costs…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Investment and innovation
…backing blended finance structures, with recent disbursements focused on early-stage costs, including projects in Brazil, Egypt, Morocco, Namibia and South Africa.A record number of technologies advanced in technology readiness level (TRL) over the past year, across the hydrogen value chain. First-of-a-kind pilot projects included microwave plasma pyrolysis and synthetic fuel production via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis from solar-converted biogas to syngas, and moving towards larger scale using biogenic CO2. Infrastructure milestones included validation of hydrogen storage in salt caverns with fast cycling and in depleted gas fields, and an industrial-scale ammonia cracker. On the demand…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production highlights
…in the near term, with cost projections for electrolysers being less optimistic than in previous years due to the limited deployment achieved to date. However, this cost gap is still expected to narrow by 2030, with China reaching cost competitiveness thanks to low technology costs and a low cost of capital, and other regions reducing the cost gap significantly due to the combination of high cost of imported natural gas, good renewable resources and policy action in the form of CO2 prices (e.g. Europe, Latin America) .China leads on electrolyser manufacturing, deployment and cost-competitiveness. This has raised concerns…
