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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Anatomy of a natural gas crisis
Sudden and drastic reduction in Russian pipeline gas deliveries to Europe In the run-up to the gas supply shock, Russian natural gas (pipeline and LNG combined) accounted for a growing share of European gas supply. Prior to 2010, Russian supply made up a relatively steady 30% of the European Union’s gas supply. However, the combination of plateauing demand and rapid decline in EU domestic production, which started in the early 2010s (linked to the decision to phase out the historical Groningen gas field in the Netherlands), led to growing dependency on gas imports across the European Union. The…
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National Clean Mobility Action Plan
The National Clean Mobility Action Plan (NAP CM) of Czechia, initiated in 2015, aims to enhance sustainable transportation by promoting alternative fuels and reducing emissions. Key goals include increasing the use of electric vehicles, building resilient infrastructure, and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. The plan, developed by the Ministry of Industry and Trade in collaboration with various stakeholders, aligns with the EU Directive 2014/94/EU on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure and outlines measures up to 2030 (Climate Change Laws).
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Delivering Sustainable Fuels
Pathways to 2035 Sustainable fuels – including liquid biofuels, biogases, low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels – offer multiple benefits for the energy sector. They complement electrification and energy efficiency in energy transitions, and are particularly important for sectors that continue to be reliant on fuel-based solutions such as aviation, shipping, and parts of road transport and industry. Sustainable fuels can also enhance energy security, strengthen environmental sustainability and stimulate economic development, particularly in rural areas.If fully legislated and implemented, current and proposed national and international policies would put the use of sustainable liquid and gaseous fuels on a…
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Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency
As energy efficiency continues to gain attention as a key resource for economic and social development across all economies, understanding its real value is increasingly important. The multiple benefits approach seeks to expand the perspective of energy efficiency beyond the traditional measure of energy savings by identifying and measuring its impacts in full bloom.
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Asset values
Multiple benefits of Energy Efficiency 2025 Energy efficiency provides multiple benefits. This page explores asset values. Why is energy efficiency important for asset values? Energy efficiency can increase the value of assets, such as homes, buildings or equipment, and lead to lower vacancy rates and longer equipment lifespans. Key facts Energy efficient buildings can command a premium on sale and rental price in both the residential and commercial sectors. Studies show that sale price premiums for energy efficient buildings range from 3% to 15% in residential buildings and 13 to 20% in commercial buildings. Key analysis Studies show that individuals…
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Ivan Haščič
Senior Economist, OECD Environment Directorate.
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Portugal 2026 Executive summary
Thanks to steady expansion of hydropower, wind power generation and solar photovoltaics (PV) in recent years, Portugal has one of the lowest carbon intensities of electricity generation among IEA Member countries. Portugal is entering a mid‑transition that requires managing two interconnected energy systems that are moving in opposite directions: one is based on renewables and electrification and must scale up rapidly; the other is a legacy fossil fuel system that must decline in an orderly way to avoid stranded assets and price shocks. Electricity is becoming the central pillar of energy security and the main driver of emissions reductions.Portugal…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Policy
A total of USD 41 billion in public funding has been identified in policy updates made since the Global Hydrogen Review 2025 (GHR-25). Nearly two-thirds of this funding is linked to legislation in force and almost 25% has already been disbursed to projects, triggering final investment decisions (FID). As in GHR-25, most of the funding comes from advanced economies and for every dollar going to demand, about 1.5 dollars go to supply.The number of national hydrogen strategies has stabilised at 66 globally, and recent updates have focused either on implementing strategy actions (Brazil, Mauritania, Romania) or revising targets…
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Renewables 2025
Analysis and forecasts to 2030 Renewables 2025 Renewables 2025 is the IEA's main annual report on the sector. It presents the latest forecasts and analysis, based on recent policy and market developments, while also exploring key challenges and opportunities facing the sector.This year’s edition provides forecasts for the deployment of renewable energy technologies in electricity, transport and heat through 2030. It also examines notable developments in key areas of the sector, including policy changes, manufacturing trends, and the financial health of different parts of the industry.
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Oil Market Report - July 2025
The IEA Oil Market Report (OMR) is one of the world's most authoritative and timely sources of data, forecasts and analysis on the global oil market – including detailed statistics and commentary on oil supply, demand, inventories, prices and refining activity, as well as oil trade for IEA and selected non-IEA countries. Highlights World oil demand growth is forecast to increase by 700 kb/d in 2025, its lowest rate since 2009, with the exception of the 2020 Covid year. Annual growth eased from 1.1 mb/d in 1Q25 to just 550 kb/d in 2Q25, with emerging…
