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Investment
…data on financing costs for clean energy projects, tools and analysis to help governments identify and address investment risks, and case studies showcasing successful strategies for mobilising capital. Globally, energy investment by governments, households and businesses is expected to reach a new high of $3.3 trillion in 2025. How this spending is allocated has major consequences for energy security, affordability and transitions around the world.The IEA regularly tracks capital flows in the energy sector, identifying key trends and studying their impact. Analyses such as our flagship World Energy Investment report, published annually, explore how investors are assessing risks and opportunities…
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Manufacturing and Trade Model
The IEA’s Manufacturing and Trade (MaT) Model was first developed for the 2024 edition of Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) to produce scenario projections of manufacturing and trade across six key energy technology supply chains. These cover solar photovoltaics (PV), wind turbines, electric cars, batteries, electrolysers and heat pumps. This model is now used to generate detailed sector-by-sector and region-by-region long-term scenarios in IEA publications such as the World Energy Outlook and Global EV Outlook.The MaT model is part of the IEA’s broader modelling framework and is closely linked to the Global Energy…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Policy recommendations for the coming 2-3 years
…Analysis could include, for example, feasibility studies for lighthouse projects, hubs or fully integrated projects, mapping and addressing any skills gaps, mapping current legislation that is applicable to hydrogen, and defining principles and a methodology for hydrogen certification. Techno-economic analysis comparing production in Ukraine with other countries (from the importer’s perspective) will also be useful, as will setting up platforms for collaboration. Preparatory studies to inform the next steps could include identifying the risks that could affect different project types and the corresponding mitigation measures, mapping the international funding programmes that could be used to finance hydrogen deployment…
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Pledges to Progress 2025 Summary of results
…2) strategies for implementation (“Strategies”), and 3) disclosure and reporting (“Disclosure”). Target setting comprises six metrics related to emissions reductions and investment in clean energy. All the signatories to the Oil and Gas Decarbonization Charter (OGDC) are assumed to have the aim of achieving these targets. Strategies for implementation comprise eight metrics that describe steps companies can take to achieve these targets; and disclosure and reporting comprises 11 metrics allowing stakeholders to assess how companies publicly report information relevant to achieving the OGDC goals.Each company was awarded 1 point for meeting a metric in full, 0.5 for partially meeting a metric…
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Energy Efficiency and Demand
Energy Efficiency and Demand
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Demand and Supply Measures for the Steel and Cement Transition
The case for international co-ordination A massive scale-up of markets for transformative near-zero emissions steel and cement is needed to achieve internationally agreed net zero goals. Yet early movers on both the supply- and demand-side – that is, material producers and consumers – face substantial barriers related to high costs and risks, among other factors. This has led to relatively slow market growth for near-zero emissions materials, at a moment when reinvesting in long-lived high-emissions production could have repercussions for governments to achieve their stated climate goals. Policy makers have the opportunity to play a…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Energy in Southeast Asia
…urbanisation, rising incomes and expanding mobility needs. This growth has helped underpin economic development and wider access to modern energy, but it has also increased exposure to global fuel markets and added to emissions. The current Middle East crisis has tested Southeast Asia’s energy security and affordability, exposing the limits of short-term responses. The region was heavily exposed to Middle Eastern supply, both through direct crude oil and gas imports and through refined product trade. Governments have responded with measures to curb demand, reduce taxes, stabilise prices and protect vulnerable households and sectors. These interventions can soften the…
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Energy and AI in East Asia
This report was commissioned by the Korea Energy Economics Institute and was carried out jointly by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Korea Energy Economics Institute. The study has three objectives in the context of East Asia. First is to explore the possibilities presented by AI for the energy sector. Second is to examine the expected increase in electricity demand by data centres, and the impact on grid planning and operation. Third is to provide policy recommendations for embracing the opportunities presented by the application of AI to energy, as well as policies for proactively managing the challenges presented by…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Regional snapshots
Policymakers have woken up to these energy security challenges with a wave of new policy initiatives Governments around the world are intensifying efforts to secure critical mineral supplies through public funding, strategic partnerships and domestic policy reforms. In Europe, regulatory support and investments have ramped up to support critical mineral supply, supported by national investment funds and cross-border partnerships. North America is leveraging financial incentives to stimulate private-sector investment. Latin America, rich in critical minerals, is projected to reach USD 154 billion in mining and refining value amid regulatory reforms to attract foreign capital. China, already dominant, is…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Government energy spending
…for solar PV and wind over the past five years. Notably, China reduced its renewables subsidies and phased out feed-in tariffs for new projects in 2025. Similarly, Germany’s corresponding budget position was paused in 2022 and 2023 due to high electricity prices, and the United States enacted legislation in July 2025 to end its solar and wind tax credits for new projects starting in 2026. In contrast, the United Kingdom allocated an all-time high allocation to the Low Carbon Contracts Company, managing the contract-for-difference in the country, with USD 56 billion in 2025 alone.Since 2015…
