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Global battery markets are growing strongly – and so are the supply risks
part 1- lithium-ion batteries Batteries’ importance is increasing across key sectors including autos, power, data centres and beyond The global lithium-ion battery market exceeded USD 150 billion in 2025, an increase of over 20% from 2024, but its economic and strategic significance extends far beyond market size. Batteries are becoming a cornerstone of the automotive sector, a critical source of flexibility for power systems, and an increasingly important source of back-up power for digital infrastructure, including data centres and artificial intelligence.Beyond energy, batteries remain indispensable for a wide range of industrial and strategic applications, from portable…
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Oil 2025
Analysis and forecast to 2030 Global oil markets have so far had a turbulent 2025. Heightened trade tensions and uncertainty have weighed on the world economy and, by extension, oil demand growth. Combined with the recent OPEC+ decision to accelerate the unwinding of oil production curbs that have been in place for several years, these factors have recently pushed international oil prices to four-year low in April and early May. At the same time, shifts in energy policies are affecting oil producers and consumers alike, with oil supply security remaining high on the international energy policy agenda.Oil 2025…
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Global Energy and Climate Model
Scenario analysis of future energy trends Global Energy and Climate Model Over the past four years, the IEA has worked to develop a new integrated modelling framework: the IEA’s Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model. This model is now the principal tool used to generate detailed sector-by-sector and region-by-region long-term scenarios across IEA's publications, including the World Energy Outlook series and Energy Technology Perspectives series.In 2021, the IEA adopted for the first time a new hybrid modelling approach relying on the strengths of both models. The integrated framework of the IEA’s Global…
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Oil Market Report - March 2025
…as well as oil trade for IEA and selected non-IEA countries. Highlights Growth in global oil demand is set to accelerate to just over 1 mb/d this year, from 830 kb/d in 2024, reaching 103.9 mb/d. Asia accounts for almost 60% of gains, led by China where petrochemical feedstocks will provide the entirety of growth. Amid an unusually uncertain macroeconomic climate, recent delivery data have been below expectations, leading to slightly lower estimates for 4Q24 and 1Q25 growth at 1.2 mb/d y-o-y.World oil supply rose by 240 kb/d in…
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World Energy Investment 2026 Regional dashboards
Despite the destabilising effect of the Middle East conflict, capital flows to the energy sector are expected to grow to USD 3.4 trillion in 2026, a 5% rise from 2025, mainly from China, the US, and the EU. Clean energy investment grows to USD 2.2 trillion, almost double that of fossil fuels. Investment in clean energy increases year-on-year by 7% in advanced economies and in China, while 4% in other emerging markets, reflecting regional differences with a shared focus on energy security.
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Botswana
Coal production is set to increase in Botswana, but exports remain limited and mainly involve trade with neighbouring countries. Regarding electrification rates, the country has recently made good progress through a large push for mini-grid and off-grid solutions in rural areas.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Thailand
Thailand’s energy policy focuses on reducing dependence on natural gas to enhance energy security. With the costs reduction of variable renewable energy, conventional Thai power generation starts giving way to alternative sources. The country’s energy policy must evolve to accommodate this change.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Energy and Climate Model Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
The 2025 edition of the World Energy Outlook (WEO) does not include the Announced Pledges Scenario. Our assessment of the new round of NDCs due this year, generally the period to 2035, will follow once there is a more complete picture of these pledges.The Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), introduced in 2021, illustrates the extent to which announced ambitions and targets can deliver the emissions reductions needed to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. In the WEO-2024, the APS includes all recent major national announcements as of the end of August 2024, both 2030 targets and longer-term net zero…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa
Progress update and roadmap for implementation Clean cooking access is a defining challenge for Africa’s prosperity. While the number of people without access to clean cooking has halved globally since 2010, the number in sub-Saharan Africa continues to rise. This harms health, economic development, and the environment – contributing to 815 000 premature deaths annually and significant deforestation.In a new report, Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa: Progress update and roadmap to implementation, the International Energy Agency (IEA) provides an updated picture of where things stand today, where efforts are gaining ground, and where urgent action is…
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Coal 2025
Analysis and forecast to 2030 Coal is a cornerstone of electricity generation in many countries as well as the single largest source of carbon dioxide emissions globally, placing it at the centre of international dialogues on energy. At a time of uncertainty and change for energy systems around the world, a range of different trends could shape coal markets in the years ahead.On the one hand, recent policy changes supporting coal could drive consumption higher, as could surging electricity demand in economies across the world, since two-thirds of global coal use today is for power generation. On the…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
