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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies
Evolving institutions, instruments and implications for clean energy transitions Global energy investment exceeded USD 3.3 trillion in 2025, but capital flows remain uneven. Emerging market and developing economies (EMDE) outside China attracted just 27% of total energy investment and 18% of clean energy spending, despite accounting for nearly two-thirds of the global population and the bulk of future demand. Addressing this imbalance requires mobilising more capital from diverse sources into EMDE energy systems.China continues to play a central role in global energy investment flows because of its large domestic investments and its large external capital spending on energy. Since…
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Stepping Up the Value Chain in Africa
Minerals, materials and manufacturing This report explores key opportunities for African countries to step up the value chain in the growing global market for energy technologies, identifying opportunities beyond a role centred around extraction and mining to one more focused on mineral beneficiation, material production and technology manufacturing. These opportunities would enable Africa to retain a greater share of the economic value generated across energy technology supply chains, and would simultaneously contribute to global efforts to enhance supply chain diversification and resilience.The economic benefits of the new energy economy are currently distributed very unevenly. Emerging markets and developing economies…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Stated Policies Scenario
…mb/d) around 2030 before gradually declining. Global electric car sales share rises from over 20% today to over 50% by 2035, despite lower electric vehicle (EV) sales in the United States in this Outlook. In 2035, over 840 million EVs displace 10 mb/d of oil, mainly in Asia and Europe. Oil use for petrochemicals and aviation continues to increase to 2035 and 2050. Natural gas demand increases nearly 1% annually to 2035, supported by abundant supply and major liquefied natural gas (LNG) expansions in the United States and Qatar, then levels off. Coal demand peaks before 2030 as declines in…
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Global Methane Tracker 2025
Methane is responsible for around 30% of the rise in global temperatures since the Industrial Revolution, and rapid and sustained reductions in methane emissions are key to limiting near-term global warming and improving air quality. The energy sector – including oil, natural gas, coal and bioenergy – accounts for more than 35% of methane emissions from human activity and has some of the best opportunities to cut these emissions. The annually updated Global Methane Tracker is an essential tool for raising awareness about methane emissions across the energy sector and the opportunities to bring them down.The Tracker presents our latest…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Policy mechanisms for diversified mineral supplies
Increasing cost pressures in operations outside dominant producers pose risks to diversification and sustainability efforts Supply chains for key energy minerals are highly concentrated, creating strong incentives for policymakers to build more secure and resilient supply chains through greater diversification. This concentration is often underpinned by network efforts, lower costs, and, in many cases, by relatively energy- and emissions-intensive processes. Capital expenditures for mining and refining in regions outside the dominant player are typically 50% higher than those within the top producing country. These producers also often face higher all-in sustaining costs, making it difficult to remain profitable…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Taking stock of the effect of war
Highlights The assets of many hydrogen users have been destroyed since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, causing demand to plunge by 80%. Ukraine’s only operational refinery was severely damaged in 2022. Steel output has dropped by nearly two-thirds due to damage, occupation, logistical costs and electricity scarcity. Nevertheless, there is potential for future hydrogen demand in export-oriented sectors; prior to Russia’s invasion, 40% of Ukraine’s fertiliser output, 46% of its agricultural output and 67% of steel were exported.Power generation capacity has plummeted since Russia’s invasion. Nearly 80% of…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Key findings
…and faster efficiency improvements all contributed to slower demand growth.Solar PV, the largest single source of growth, met more than 25% of higher demand, followed by natural gas, which contributed 17%. This was the first time on record that a modern renewable source contributed the largest share of global energy demand growth. Demand for oil, natural gas and coal all grew in 2025, but at a slower rate than in 2024. Low-emissions sources combined – solar, wind, nuclear, hydropower and other renewables – contributed nearly 60% of the growth in global demand.Demand growth in the United States rose to…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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China
China’s growing energy needs are increasingly met by renewables, natural gas and electricity. The scale of China’s future electricity demand and the challenge of decarbonising the power supply help explain why global investment in electricity overtook that of oil and gas for the first time in 2016, and why electricity security is moving firmly up the policy agenda. That said, cost reductions for renewables are not sufficient on their own to secure efficient decarbonisation or reliable supply.
Between 2019 and 2024, China will account for 40% of global renewable capacity expansion, driven by improved system integration, lower curtailment…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Argentina
Argentina’s total primary energy mix is dominated by natural gas (55%) and oil (33%), with bioenergy contributing 5%, and hydropower and nuclear another 3% each. Argentina has the 2nd largest reserve of shale gas and the 4th largest reserve of shale oil worldwide. In 2019, the country produced 500,000 bpd of oil, of which 89,000 bpd was exported, but the country remains a net importer of oil products. In terms of power generation, Argentina relies on natural gas (65%), hydropower (18%), followed by nuclear 8%, wind (7%) and solar (1%). A set of public policies have boosted…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026
The IEA's Global Hydrogen Review 2026 provides an update on hydrogen production and demand worldwide and identifies the latest developments relating to policy, infrastructure, trade, investments and innovation.The report is an output of the Clean Energy Ministerial Hydrogen Initiative and is intended to provide an update to energy sector stakeholders on the status and future prospects of hydrogen, and to inform discussions at the Hydrogen Energy Ministerial Meeting organised by Japan.The conflict in the Middle East is impacting global supplies of hydrogen and hydrogen derivatives, such as fertilisers, exposing vulnerabilities in their supply chains. As energy security…
