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Global Energy and Climate Model
Scenario analysis of future energy trends Global Energy and Climate Model Over the past four years, the IEA has worked to develop a new integrated modelling framework: the IEA’s Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model. This model is now the principal tool used to generate detailed sector-by-sector and region-by-region long-term scenarios across IEA's publications, including the World Energy Outlook series and Energy Technology Perspectives series.In 2021, the IEA adopted for the first time a new hybrid modelling approach relying on the strengths of both models. The integrated framework of the IEA’s Global…
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Asset values
…and reduced energy bills and operational costs. These benefits can result in improved tenant satisfaction and improved ability to rent the space.Rent increases associated with the retrofit should be in line with energy cost savings to maintain affordability. Policy tools, such as mandatory energy performance ratings, financial incentives and tenant protections, can help ensure that asset value gains benefit both owners and occupants, especially vulnerable groups such as low-income households. Meanwhile, a landlord may be hesitant to invest in new energy efficiency equipment, as they are responsible for the capital cost, while the tenant is the one benefiting…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Energy technology manufacturing and trade
Recent trends Global investment in manufacturing capacity for six clean energy technologies – solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, batteries, electric vehicles (EVs), electrolysers and heat pumps – dropped below USD 200 billion in 2024, down from nearly USD 220 billion in 2023. This downwards trend is estimated to have continued in 2025, mainly due to weaker solar PV and wind manufacturing investment in China. The United States and the European Union are estimated to have accounted for around 30% of global manufacturing investment combined in 2025, up from 15% in 2023, marginally increasing global supply chain diversification. After dipping in 2024, global trade in clean energy technologies recovered in…
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Oil Market Report - April 2025
The IEA Oil Market Report (OMR) is one of the world's most authoritative and timely sources of data, forecasts and analysis on the global oil market – including detailed statistics and commentary on oil supply, demand, inventories, prices and refining activity, as well as oil trade for IEA and selected non-IEA countries. Highlights Global oil demand growth for 2025 has been revised down by 300 kb/d since last month’s Report to 730 kb/d, as escalating trade tensions have negatively impacted the economic outlook. Growth is expected to slow further in 2026, to 690 kb/d, but…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Executive summary
…close to 17% of methanol production. Several refineries and petrochemical plants have halted operations due to supply disruptions and the impossibility of exporting their products or to military attacks, which in some cases have damaged hydrogen production units. Restarting operations and reaching pre-conflict activity levels will take weeks and even months in the case of damaged facilities.The consequences of the conflict reach far beyond the Middle East as the region is a major player in global trade for hydrogen-based products. Much of the production output of the region is exported. The region makes up over one-quarter…
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Biogas and biomethane outlook to 2050
…Municipal waste, as the cheapest feedstock, sees the most development of its potential. However, manure-based biogas is promoted for emissions reduction purposes in the APS and sees its utilisation rise in that scenario despite higher costs. Overall, the average cost for sustainable biomethane falls by 20% to 2050 from USD 20 per gigajoule today, driven by increased crop yields, technological learning effects and economies of scale. In order to achieve this potential growth, further investment is needed. Over the past decade, an average of USD 3 billion was invested annually in increasing in the production of low emissions gase...
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Lithuania 2025 Executive summary
…and affordable way. Meeting these goals would require a broad electrification across the economy, and Lithuania aims to become a net exporter of electricity by 2030 and of energy by 2050. The strategy also includes fostering industrial development related to renewables-based hydrogen. This requires a lot of electricity, and in the NEIS main scenario, electricity demand will increase sixfold by 2050, half of which will be used for hydrogen production. However, hydrogen market development has been slower than expected, both in Lithuania and in other European markets. While the NEIS is a crucial guide for the energy policy, it should be…
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Singapore
Singapore is the region’s second-largest gas importer. The country is expanding its existing LNG importing facility and is seeking to become a major LNG trading hub. Singapore’s relatively small import needs raise questions about how quickly the hub would reach sufficient liquidity to operate efficiently, but it is nonetheless well placed to bring Asian LNG buyers and sellers together and has taken a major step forward with the creation of an LNG price index: the “SLiNG”.
Singapore has made important moves towards liberalising its gas market, providing the basis for more competitive price setting. These moves include…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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Cobalt
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.
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Sustainable Transport for Georgia: A Roadmap
The International Energy Agency (IEA) developed this Sustainable Transport Policy for Georgia roadmap under the European Union-funded five-year EU4Energy programme, which supports evidence-based energy policy and data capabilities in Eastern Partnership countries, including Georgia.The roadmap supports sustainable transport planning at national and city levels, summarising legislation, planning documents, and research on passenger and freight transport. Key metrics include accessibility, safety, convenience, equity, energy efficiency, emissions reduction, congestion and service reliability. Policies and targets are proposed to help Georgia meet the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and achieve its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) pledges.The government of…
