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Rare Earth Elements Executive summary
…geological deposits to refined products and permanent magnets. These stages include extraction, beneficiation, chemical upgrading, separation into oxides, metal refining, alloying and magnet manufacturing. After extraction, ores are crushed and milled to liberate minerals, which are then concentrated. Separation – the technical core of processing – converts mixed rare earth feeds into individual oxides. Refined oxides are then transformed into metals, and then into alloy powders, the primary inputs for magnet production.Among the strategic minerals analysed by the International Energy Agency (IEA), rare earths exhibit one of the highest levels of geographical concentrations across the value chain. In 2024, the Pe...
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Policies
Highlights Announced public funding for low-emissions hydrogen decreased by nearly two-thirds compared to the Global Hydrogen Review 2024 (GHR-24), to a cumulative USD 38 billion, but a larger share of funds is now making its way to specific projects. Several programmes in the European Union, India, Japan and United Kingdom have progressed to the second phase or beyond, with new calls building on learning from the first phase.Almost 90% of the public funding comes from advanced economies; other policy instruments like land allocation, tax incentives and reduced administrative procedures remain more common among emerging markets. The supply side still receives…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap The hydrogen opportunity
…though economic constraints would result in lower potential. Most potential is in regions with scarce water resources and competition from other industrial activities. Domestic demand for use for steel and fertilisers could reach 2.2 Mtpa, if pre-invasion capacity is restored, and the government target has set a target of 7.2 Mtpa of production by 2050. Most hydrogen production projects proposed prior to the invasion are close to the border with the European Union.Ukraine has a technical potential for solar PV and onshore wind equivalent to 9‑14 times its pre-invasion electricity demand and 2‑4 times its final energy demand…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Progress summary dashboard
Production Electrolysers Policies Investment
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Demand and Supply Measures for the Steel and Cement Transition Executive summary
…contribute to the achievement of internationally-agreed government objectives for net zero emissions. Such scale-up requires the production and use of these materials to grow from essentially zero today to capture nearly the entire market within the next few decades, shifting away from high-emissions conventional production and demand. The steel and cement sectors account for 14% of global energy and process-related emissions on a direct basis, making them central to the decarbonisation challenge. First mover producers of near-zero emissions materials are beginning to position themselves to compete in such markets, including through the development of definitions…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Executive summary
Clean cooking access is a defining challenge for Africa’s prosperity and social development The world has made immense progress in improving access to clean cooking facilities, but to date momentum has been slower in Africa. Today, 2 billion people worldwide – a quarter of the global population – still cook over open fires or on basic stoves, inhaling harmful smoke and spending hours in search of fuels such as firewood or animal waste. Since 2010, almost 1.5 billion people in Asia and Latin America gained access to modern cooking stoves and fuels, halving the number of people without clean cooking in…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Africa
…large food trade deficit. Domestic production of ammonia could improve access to nitrogen fertilisers, supporting higher agricultural productivity and food production, while reducing exposure to price volatility. If Africa were to achieve its fertiliser use targets, it would create demand for 1.5 Mt of hydrogen, although more than 80% of the announced ammonia capacity is intended for exports.Today, over 80% of Africa’s ironmaking capacity is based on direct reduced iron (DRI), which provides a strong basis for blending hydrogen with natural gas in existing and new plants. Africa is a net exporter of iron ore, and iron ore…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Trends in other EV modes
…operational cost advantages as well as declining battery costs. As highlighted in the Global EV Outlook 2025, battery electric HFTs in China have already reached total cost of ownership (TCO) parity with diesel trucks in certain cases after 5 years of ownership. Strong policy measures from the government further incentivised growth: the renewed scrappage scheme offered owners up to around USD 20 000 to replace older trucks (i.e. trucks compliant with China IV emissions standards or earlier pollutant emissions standards) with cleaner trucks – either new energy vehicles or conventional trucks that meet China VI emissions standards. The subsidy is sufficient to cover around 20…
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Financing Clean Energy in Africa Mobilising capital for a sustainable future
…of local industry, including in relation to off-grid electricity and clean cooking solutions.Although a small player now, over the long term domestic markets are fundamental to energy sector development. Under the SAS, finance originating from or disbursed through local channels increases nearly threefold by 2030. Developing green finance facilities provides a channel for finance while also supporting the creation of bankable projects and the development of capacity at other finance institutions. There are also innovative ways to tap into the growing domestic capital markets, particularly pension funds, such as local currency guarantees or securitisation of distributed energy assets.
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Introduction
Over the course of 2022 and 2023, the largest natural gas supply shock in history unfolded, developing from seemingly regional dynamics into a global shockwave in gas and wider energy markets. The crisis has yet to be entirely resolved in the 3 years that have since passed. However, the post-crisis gas market paradigm has started to emerge, making it possible to draw lessons from the most acute phase of the crisis that can be transposed from one region or market to another, or that can be achieved through collective action across the wider gas market. While gas dependency can…
