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World Energy Outlook 2025 Setting the scene
…the increase in electricity demand. Consumption of each of the fossil fuels rose. Global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reached another all-time high. The energy sector faces many uncertainties. The global economy is projected to grow at an average rate of 3% in the 2024-2030 period, but changes in the global policy environment and trade outlook could lead to different outcomes. In parallel, a drift towards greater fragmentation and increased geopolitical rivalry could have major implications for energy-related trade flows. These uncertainties underscore the value of supply diversification and resilient supply chains, notably for critical minerals…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Deployment of clean energy technologies, materials and fuels
Outlook Many clean energy technologies are increasingly cost-competitive and growing strongly. Their aggregate market value has grown 20% on average per year since 2015 to reach nearly USD 1.2 trillion. Some 80% of global solar PV and wind generation now occurs at lower levelised costs than for coal or gas. Battery prices have dropped 75% since 2015, pushing electric car sales to around 25% share in 2025. Deployment increases in all IEA scenarios: in the Current Policies Scenario (CPS), their global market value nearly doubles to around USD 2 trillion in 2035, greater than the oil market in…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Executive summary
…market value for clean energy technologies has grown 20% on average per year over the past decade, to reach nearly USD 1.2 trillion in 2025. In the Current Policies Scenario (CPS), their global market value grows most slowly, but it still doubles to around USD 2 trillion in 2035, about the size of the global crude oil market in 2025. At almost USD 3 trillion by 2035, their market value is higher in the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), with greater deployment offsetting the additional decline in costs. Electric cars are by far the largest clean energy technology market in…
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World Energy Employment 2025 Executive summary
…2022. The pace of the expansion in recent years marked a step change from pre-pandemic trends, when the energy sector added less than a third as many jobs annually than during the years between 2019 and 2024. The electricity sector is now the largest energy employer, surpassing fuel supply for the first time, as the Age of Electricity gathers pace. Over the last five years, employment in the electricity sector – including generation, transmission, distribution, and storage – has risen by 3.9 million, representing nearly three-quarters of all energy job additions. Solar PV has been the principal driver of demand…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Executive summary
After another record year for EV sales, attention is turning to the impacts of the energy crisis for global car markets Electric car sales grew by 20% globally to exceed 20 million in 2025, meaning one-quarter of all new cars sold were electric. Europe saw the strongest growth among major electric vehicle (EV) markets, with electric car sales rising by more than 30% to reach 28% of total sales, following an increase in the stringency of the European Union’s CO2 standards for cars. China’s growth in electric car sales slowed slightly, in part due to a temporary…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Road transport fuels
…to the 2026 crisis in the Middle East, several countries have announced measures to encourage working from home. For example, the Philippines and Pakistan have mandated 4-day workweeks for government workers, while Sri Lanka has closed public offices on Wednesdays, and Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam are all actively promoting remote work. Many European governments also encouraged working from home in response to the energy crisis in 2022-23, including through the joint IEA-EU Playing my Part Campaign. For example, France incentivised public officials working from home in 2022, and encouraged private companies to follow this ex...
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Financing Clean Energy in Africa Designing finance solutions for clean energy: solutions for key sectors
…access and facilitate the integration of variable renewables. The poor financial health of utilities has hampered investment to date, but models have emerged for greater private sector participation in this segment. Adoption of these models increases private sector investment in grids from 4% to 10% by 2030. Energy efficiency is not currently a priority for many sources of concessional capital: it is only explicitly covered in around 15% of financing instruments. Efficiency plays a major role in the SAS, but higher upfront costs can complicate investment. Numerous innovative financing models are being trialled, from large-scale approaches to those targeting…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Heat pumps
Global heat pump sales fell by about 2% in 2025. Sales in China and Japan were largely flat, while Europe saw a strong return of demand. Sales in the United States declined.In China, heat pump sales stayed broadly stable. Reversible air conditioners (used as primary heating equipment) make up about half the Chinese heat pump market, and while record-breaking sales of air conditioners supported strong demand in the first half the year, they fell sharply in the second half. Sales of air-to-water and hot water heat pumps, which make up the remainder of the market, remained…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Key findings
Biogases are a hidden solution to many of today’s energy security and sustainability challenges. They turn waste into sustainable, low-emissions fuels. The attraction of biogases lies in the integration of energy, environment, waste and emissions policies and targets. Biogas can be used directly as heat by households and industry, and to produce electricity. Biomethane, which is an upgraded form of biogas, is a locally sourced, drop-in substitute for natural gas. This report assesses the global potential and costs of developing biogas and biomethane using a first-of-a-kind geospatial analysis. It provides detailed country- and region…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Current Policies Scenario (CPS)
…amid turmoil in energy markets and rapid changes in the policy landscape during the Covid-19 pandemic. Now that the world has passed through the pandemic and the global energy crisis triggered at the outset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, there is merit in revisiting the CPS. The scenario relies only on measures that are formally written into existing legislation and regulation, and which does not consider any additional changes to policy, even where governments have announced an intention to enact them.The CPS is not a forecast or a prediction of the way the energy system will unfold…
