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An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Colombia Executive summary
…decade, although the annual share fluctuated by as much as 10 percentage points as weather patterns caused by El Niño and La Niña cycles affect rainfall and temperature, impacting reservoir levels. Greenhouse gas emissions have grown; Colombia has pledged to achieve net zero emissions Economic and population growth have resulted in Colombia’s total energy demand almost doubling between 2000 and 2024. As three-quarters of this growth has been supplied by fossil fuels, energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increased by more than 50% over the same period. Energy-related emissions comprised around 30% of its total GHG emissions in 2021…
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Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency for Business Quality and reputation
…around 40%, the project also created a clear point of differentiation as being the first carbon-neutral distillery in the country.Energy performance can also influence access to supply chains, as companies increasingly set expectations for suppliers to improve efficiency and reduce emissions. Apple requires suppliers to work towards net zero emissions by 2030 and includes energy efficiency performance in their supplier selection. Its Supplier Energy Efficiency Program helps suppliers to achieve that goal and estimates it has reduced the carbon footprint by 2 million tonnes of CO₂-eq in 2025. Similar approaches are emerging across sectors, with companies like…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Air transport fuels
…Jet fuel demand accounts for around 7% of global oil demand. Jet fuel markets look to be particularly vulnerable to an extended loss of Middle East production and exports, given limited flexibility elsewhere to increase output. 8. Avoid air travel where alternative options exist Description: Travel for work accounts for a large share (between 20% and 40%) of aviation activity. In many cases, travel for work can be temporarily substituted by virtual meetings. A reduction of around 40% of flights taken for work purposes is feasible in the short term, while maintaining productivity.Impact: Very high voluntary participation to work…
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Nepal
Almost the totality of the electricity generated in Nepal comes from hydropower. Most of the energy supply is from biofuels and waste as 21 million people still rely on traditional biomass for cooking. In 2000, 81% did not have access to electricity but with remarkable efforts from the government, only 6% of the population remain without access today.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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Finland
Finland has one of the most ambitious climate targets, a legal obligation to reach carbon neutrality by 2035. It is making progress towards this target and has one of the lowest levels of reliance on fossil fuels among IEA member countries. Finland’s forests, which historically offset significant greenhouse gas emissions, have become a net emissions source. A continued push towards the energy transition is needed, as imported fossil fuels still account for over one-third of energy supply and cover higher shares in transport and key industries.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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Luxembourg
Luxembourg has a fossil fuel intensive energy mix driven by a high demand for transportation fuels, notably from transiting freight trucks and commuters. Despite this demand, the country is committed to reducing emissions. Its climate law sets targets for a 55% emission reduction by 2030 and climate neutrality target by 2050. The government has adopted numerous measures to push for energy transition, including a carbon tax which was introduced in 2020 and encouraging renewable generation through subsidies and auctions. Several programmes also support energy efficiency in buildings, industry and transportation, with a target for 49% of all passenger cars to…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Delivering Sustainable Fuels
Pathways to 2035 Sustainable fuels – including liquid biofuels, biogases, low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels – offer multiple benefits for the energy sector. They complement electrification and energy efficiency in energy transitions, and are particularly important for sectors that continue to be reliant on fuel-based solutions such as aviation, shipping, and parts of road transport and industry. Sustainable fuels can also enhance energy security, strengthen environmental sustainability and stimulate economic development, particularly in rural areas.If fully legislated and implemented, current and proposed national and international policies would put the use of sustainable liquid and gaseous fuels on a…
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Mozambique
In Mozambique, around 40% of people have access to electricity, through the grid or mini/off-grid systems. The government has promoted solar PV solutions in rural areas, reporting that 700 schools and 800 other public buildings now have electricity from solar.
- Overview
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- Emissions
- Electricity
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Investment and innovation
…finance is gaining prominence, reaching around USD 650 million cumulatively by Q1 2026, mainly for project preparation and reducing financing costs.Venture capital (VC) for hydrogen continued to fall in 2025, both in absolute terms and as a share of energy VC, down from a 13% peak in 2023 to 4% in 2025. Aviation attracted the largest share of hydrogen VC, with almost 25%.Hydrogen company valuations are being driven to new highs by one firm, while returns show modest signs of stabilisation and recovery. Bloom Energy stands out, adding almost USD 80 billion in market capitalisation in the past year, as surging electricity demand…
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Japan
Japan’s energy policy is guided by principles of energy security, economic efficiency, environmental sustainability and safety. Achieving the aim of carbon-neutrality by 2050 will require substantially accelerating the deployment of low-carbon technologies by 2030, to address regulatory and institutional barriers and further enhance competition in energy markets. It will also be important to develop different decarbonisation scenarios and to prepare for the possibility that certain low-carbon technologies, such as nuclear, might not expand as quickly as hoped. Stronger reliance on market-based instruments, such as carbon pricing, could be one policy option for Japan to cost…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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