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IEA Support to Accelerating Renewable Energy Permitting (ARPE)
Between October 2023 and March 2025, the IEA implemented the “Accelerating Renewable Energy Permitting” (ARPE) action. The goal of ARPE was to support five EU Member states – Finland, Ireland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, and the Slovak Republic (Focus countries) – in developing and implementing policy and regulatory measures aimed at reaching their renewable energy targets, notably through accelerating permitting of renewable energy projects.In support of this objective, the IEA organised and facilitated five workshops focused on the following topics:streamlining administrative proceduresaccelerating offshore wind deploymentfacilitating spatial planning for renewable energy deploymentensuring public engagement and acceptance, and afinal workshop summarizing the project…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Oil use in industry
…industrial oil-consuming facilities can save additional fuel in the short-term through maintenance checks and optimising how equipment is operated. Measures vary by site but typically include shutting down equipment when not in use, reducing temperature and pressure setpoints to only what is necessary, fixing leaks and maintenance issues, and improving scheduling so processes run more efficiently.Impact: The degree of flexibility in petrochemical production and the level of stocks varies largely across regions. Most of the flexible chemical facilities are concentrated in Asia and Europe. With quick maintenance checks, individual industrial facilities can often reduce overall oil use…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Anatomy of a natural gas crisis
…dependency on gas imports across the European Union. The Russian share of the European Union’s gas supply grew from close to 30% in 2010 to over 45% by 2019 – a significant concentration in gas supply for the bloc.This increased supply concentration and reliance on Russian gas occurred against a particular geopolitical backdrop: Previous breaches in energy security, including the temporary interruptions of Russian pipeline gas supply to Ukraine in both 2006 and 2009, had downstream implications for EU energy security, prompting EU legislation on supply security and gas market liberalisation. The unravelling of this dominant Russian supply position…
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Malta
The National energy policy of Malta was launched in December 2012. It lists decisions and actions that have already been implemented as well as measures aiming to ensure the sustainability of Malta's energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Poland
Poland’s energy system has seen progress on energy transition, despite its reliance on domestic hard coal and lignite. For example, Poland has one of the fastest growing solar PV markets in the European Union and has also seen a strong uptake of heat pumps. Poland is pushing to become a major player in offshore wind, aiming for at least 3.4 GW of capacity by 2030. However, stronger efforts are needed across all sectors to accelerate energy transition and Poland would benefit from greater electricity interconnections with the rest of Europe.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Czechia 2025 Executive summary
…legislation now allows temporary operation of coal plants in case of shortages, and a capacity mechanism is being developed to attract investment in new dispatchable generation. Government interventions should be targeted and temporary, and low-carbon alternatives should be prioritised to avoid overreliance on natural gas, which would result in fossil fuel lock-in. To avoid this lock-in, Czechia is on course to further develop renewable and low-carbon gases, which can be potentially used in the same infrastructure as natural gas. In the first half of 2025, Czechia stopped importing oil from the Russian Federation for the first…
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Mauritius
The energy mix in Mauritius is dominated by coal and oil. Almost 10% of the country's final energy consumption is generated by modern renewable sources of energy – a share that has gradually decreased for the past 20 years.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Argentina
Argentina’s total primary energy mix is dominated by natural gas (55%) and oil (33%), with bioenergy contributing 5%, and hydropower and nuclear another 3% each. Argentina has the 2nd largest reserve of shale gas and the 4th largest reserve of shale oil worldwide. In 2019, the country produced 500,000 bpd of oil, of which 89,000 bpd was exported, but the country remains a net importer of oil products. In terms of power generation, Argentina relies on natural gas (65%), hydropower (18%), followed by nuclear 8%, wind (7%) and solar (1%). A set of public policies have boosted…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Uzbekistan
Despite being energy self-sufficient thanks to its gas sector, Uzbekistan's ageing infrastructure struggles to meet growing domestic demand. Losses, overuse and financing remain problematic. Wide-ranging reforms focused on improving and diversification the energy sector are being introduced and the government has adopted the Strategy of Actions 2017-2021, which prioritizes improving energy efficiency and increasing generating capacity and use of renewables. Uzbekistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Executive summary
…a volatile world, energy security takes centre stage Pressing threats and longer term hazards are elevating energy to a core issue of economic and national security. Energy is at the heart of today’s geopolitical tensions, with traditional risks to fuel supply now accompanied by restrictions affecting supplies of critical minerals. The electricity sector – so essential to modern economies – is also increasingly vulnerable to cyber, operational and weather-related hazards.Decisions taken by energy policy makers will be crucial to address these risks, but they do so against a complex backdrop:Geopolitical fragility coexists with subdued oil prices. Ongoing conflicts…
