Global public low-carbon energy RD&D budget, 2015-2019

Notes

"Other" comprises CCUS, electricity storage, insulation, lighting, other fossil fuels and smart energy systems. Corporate energy R&D spending includes reported R&D expenditure by companies in sectors that are dependent on energy technologies, including energy efficiency technologies where possible. Classifications are based on the Bloomberg Industry Classification System. “Automotive” includes technologies for fuel economy, alternative fuels and alternative drivetrains from main manufacturers. To allocate R&D spending for companies active in multiple sectors, shares of revenue per sector are used in the absence of other information. All publicly reported R&D spending is included, though companies domiciled in countries that do not require disclosure of R&D spending are underrepresented. Depending on the jurisdiction and company, publicly reported corporate R&D spending can include a range of capitalised and non-capitalised costs, from basic research to product development and, in some cases, resource exploration. Numbers over 2017-2019 are updated compared to World Energy Investment 2020.