Italy Oil Security Policy

This report is part of Oil Security Policy

Oil overview

Oil consumption declined considerably from 2007-2014, but then remained relatively stable from 2015-2019. It rebounded strongly in 2021 to pre-pandemic levels after falling sharply in 2020. In the short-term, there is little to suggest that oil demand will decline significantly. However, in the medium to long-term, the government expects a major reduction in oil demand, largely as a result of greater use of electric vehicles and alternative fuels in the transportation sector. Italy has a large refining industry and is a significant net exporter of oil products. However, there has been substantial rationalisation of refining capacity since the late 2000s and further rationalisation is very likely. Italy is a significant net importer of crude oil.

Stock releases are the principal means by which Italy would participate in an IEA collective action or respond to a serious localised supply disruption. Italy has a sound oil stockholding regime with both a public stockholding agency and an industry stockholding obligation. However, the government would decide to respond to a supply disruption with either the use of industry stocks, stocks held by the public stockholding agency, or with a mix of both; as part of the IEA collective actions in March and April 2022, Italy lowered the obligation on industry in both cases. Since its formation in 2014, the public stockholding agency, Organismo Centrale di Stoccaggio Italiano (OCSIT), has been working towards a goal of building up its stockholding level to 30 days of net imports of ‘specific stocks’ by 2024; however, OCSIT paused its stockbuild in 2022 due to market tightness. Thanks to stockholding obligations for industry, Italy has been consistently compliant with its IEA stockholding obligation and has been highly reactive in moving to support the stability of global oil markets in recent months with the release of oil stocks as part of two IEA collective actions. In addition to a stock release, a range of demand restraint measures can be implemented to save oil, together with a limited amount of fuel switching. 

Oil infrastructure

Pipelines

The domestic pipeline network (for both crude and products) is largely concentrated in northern Italy. Two pipelines which emanate in Italy deliver crude oil to Italian refineries and other refineries in central Europe; the Central European Line from Genoa (1 mb/d capacity) supplies inland refineries in northern Italy while the Trans-Alpine Pipeline from Trieste (850 kb/d capacity) supplies refineries in Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic. However, most refineries in Italy are located along the Mediterranean coast, and receive crude oil directly by ship.

Italy has 16 crude oil tanker ports, four of which (Taranto, Milazzo, Falconara [Ancona] and Augusta [Santa Panagia]) can receive cargo ships of up to 300 000 dead weight tonnes (DWT). 

Crude oil net imports in Italy, 2000-2020

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Refining

There are 11 operational oil refineries in Italy with a total atmospheric distillation capacity of around 1.7 million barrels per day (b/d). The average utilisation rate of Italy’s refineries hovered around 80% for most of the past decade. However, the average utilisation rate dropped to just 68% in 2020 as demand fell.

There has been significant rationalisation of refining capacity in Italy over the past decade with the closure of four refineries; the Gela refinery in Sicily was transformed into a biofuels processing facility while three other shuttered refineries were converted into storage facilities. Eni is considering converting other traditional refineries into biorefineries. Additional rationalisation of refining capacity is highly likely in the future given long-term projections of declining demand for oil products in the European Mediterranean, and increased competition to supply European product markets from new, large-scale refineries in the Middle East and Asia.

Eni is the most significant operator in the Italian refining sector, owning four of Italy’s 11 operational refineries (Sannazzaro, Taranto, Livorno, Porto Marghera). Eni also jointly owns the 200 000 b/d Milazzo refinery in Sicily in partnership with Kuwait Petroleum International. Italy’s largest refinery by operating capacity, the 320 000 b/d Priolo Gargallo refinery, also in Sicily, is owned by Swiss-based oil trader, Litasco (which is controlled by Russian oil firm, Lukoil). Other notable players in the refining sector include SARAS, which owns the 300 000 b/d Sarroch refinery, and the Algerian national oil company, Sonatrach, which owns the 190 000 b/d Augusta refinery.

Storage

There are approximately 405 oil storage terminals across Italy, with total storage capacity of around 26 million cubic metres (mcm) or 163 million barrels. Storage capacity is roughly 25% crude oil and 75% refined products. There are no plans for significant additions to Italy’s oil storage capacity, although this may change if there is additional refining capacity rationalisation.

Oil products net exports in Italy, 2000-2020

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Italy’s oil infrastructure, 2022

Map of Italy's oil infrastructure

Emergency response policies and measure

Organisation

The Ministry for Ecological Transition (MiTE) has overall responsibility for oil emergency policy in Italy. Within the MiTE, the Office for Oil Security functions as Italy’s National Emergency Sharing Organisation (NESO) outside of emergency situations (a separate body would be convened to respond to a supply disruption). The Office for Oil Security is situated in the Energy Department of the MiTE, under the General Directorate for Infrastructure and Safety of Energy and Geomineral Systems.

The Office for Oil Security’s role is to monitor oil market developments, collect data related to oil supply, demand and stocks, monitor compliance with Italy’s stockholding requirements, and liaise with industry, the IEA Secretariat and the European Commission on matters relating to oil markets and the security of oil supply. It is also charged with holding emergency training exercises related to oil supply disruptions, but no such exercises have been held in recent years and there are no concrete plans to do so in the near future.

While the Office for Oil Security acts as Italy’s NESO outside of emergency situations, a separate body, known as the Conference of Services, would be convened to act as the NESO in the event of an oil supply disruption. The Conference of Services would be chaired by a representative from the MiTE, and include representatives from several other government ministries including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry for Communications. It would also comprise representatives from the oil industry and the national stockholding agency, OCSIT.

In the event of an oil supply disruption, the MiTE would convene the Conference of Services to discuss whether emergency response measures should be taken. The Conference of Services would meet within 24 hours of a meeting being ordered by the MiTE. After reaching a decision on how to react to a supply disruption, the Conference of Services would submit its recommendations to the MiTE, and the final decision on the implementation of emergency measures would rest with the Minister for Ecological Transition.

A decision to release emergency stocks would be announced in a ministerial decree. The stockholding agency, OCSIT, and all companies holding emergency stocks, can be obligated to make a prescribed level of stocks available to the market. All companies concerned would be informed of their obligated contribution on an individual basis. The final decision on implementing measures other than a stock release would also be taken by the MiTE, following a recommendation from the Conference of Services.

An emergency oil handbook, the Handbook for the Management of Energy Emergencies, outlines the measures that can be taken in the event of an oil supply disruption, as well as the broad roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders. The stockholding agency, OCSIT, is responsible for maintaining the handbook, which was last updated in February 2022.

Emergency oil stocks

A stock release is the principal means by which Italy would participate in an IEA collective action or respond to a serious localised supply disruption. In addition to a stock release, other measures listed in the handbook include a range of demand restraint measures and fuel switching, although it is unclear in which situations public stocks or industry stocks would be used.

Emergency oil stocks are held by both industry and the national stockholding agency, OCSIT.

The public stockholding agency, OCSIT, came into operation in 2014 with a mandate to hold Italy’s specific stocks. OCSIT is a state-owned company, operating on a non‑profit basis. OCSIT is owned by Acquirente Unico, a company which is 100% owned by the Ministry of Finance. OCSIT’s oil stocks are held in rented commercial storage terminals and are co-mingled with commercial stocks; the agency has no plans to purchase its own storage facilities.

Since its foundation, OCSIT has gradually increased its total stockholding level. OCSIT aims to increase its stockholding level to 30 days of net imports of ‘specific stocks’ (gasoline, diesel, fuel oil or jet fuel) by 2024, to cover the entirety of Italy’s specific stocks mandate. However, OCSIT’s stock purchases have slowed down considerably since late 2021 due to increased market tightness, leaving some doubt as to whether this objective will be achieved by 2024. In order to facilitate the build-up of OCSIT’s stockholding, MiTE has permitted OCSIT to hold oil stocks as tickets since 2022; individual agreements for the purchase of stocks under ticket arrangements would have to be approved by the MiTE.

The acquisition of stocks held by OCSIT is financed through debt contracted by the company. The cost of the debt and OCSIT’s operating costs are covered via a contribution fee levied on suppliers of oil products in Italy. OCSIT can only sell its stocks when formally ordered to do so by the government. Sales would be carried out through a tendering process; the stockholding agency estimates that the process of releasing stocks would be relatively lengthy, potentially taking up to one month.

In order to reach a total emergency stockholding level of at least 90 days of net oil imports, Italy maintains a compulsory stockholding obligation on industry.

The total level of stocks to be held by industry is set annually by the MiTE as a percentage of inland consumption in the previous calendar year; for 2022, this is 25.4% of the 2021 consumption level. Oil product suppliers that supplied in excess of 50 000 tonnes of oil products in the previous calendar are required to hold stocks at a level proportional to their market share. In December 2021, 215 companies had stockholding obligations.

At least one third of obligated industry stocks must be held in the form of ‘specific stocks’; the remainder may be held as crude oil or refinery feedstocks. As Italy’s oil product demand mix evolves and the potential for further refinery closures increases, the need to hold crude oil stocks will likely decline in the future.

An unlimited quantity of obligated industry stocks can be held outside Italy in other EU member states. Obligated industry stocks and commercial stocks are often commingled, and companies often pay other companies to hold their stockholding obligation. Companies are obliged to make daily reports to the MiTE stipulating the location, product type and quantity of stocks held, including those held abroad. Non-compliance can result in substantial financial penalties.

Stock composition

In accordance with the 2012 Legislative Decree on Minimum Stocks of Oil, the total level of emergency oil stocks in Italy must be equivalent to 90 days of net oil imports in the previous calendar year. The equivalent of 30 days of net oil imports must be held in the form of ‘specific stocks’, and must be held within Italy. 

Demand restraint measures

As outlined in the emergency handbook, the specific demand restraint measures that could be implemented include driving restrictions and appeals to the public to voluntarily limit consumption. The government views a system of alternate private vehicle usage as its most effective demand restraint measure. However, no recent analysis has been carried out to estimate how much oil could be saved by this measure, or by other demand restraint measures or fuel switching. Oil use for heating is diminishing, reducing the scope for oil savings through heating restrictions.

Fuel switching

Around one third of oil-fired electricity generation plants can switch to natural gas in the event of an emergency. However, the effectiveness of this emergency response measure in reducing oil consumption is minimal due to the now negligible share of oil in power generation. The scope for surge domestic production of crude oil is also negligible as active fields operate at or close to their maximum capacity.