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Aviation
Country and regional highlights
Political agreement on net zero targets for aviation has been complemented by fiscal and regulatory policies to promote sustainable aviation fuels
CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions from aviation have reached 90% of their pre-Covid-19 peak
Energy
Improvements in energy intensity have not been sufficient to counterbalance energy demand growth in recent years
Activity
Passenger activity has nearly closed the gap with pre-Covid levels
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Energy and AI AI and climate change
The emergence of AI has both raised concerns that AI-fuelled data centre growth might fuel climate change and also raised expectations that AI applications in the energy sector could help reduce emissions by unlocking new optimisations and efficiencies. As over 100 countries – and the European Union – have targets to reach net zero emissions between 2030 and 2070, it is pertinent to explore what AI’s impact on emissions could potentially be. Global fuel combustion CO2 emissions are estimated to reach 35 000 million tonnes (Mt) in 2024. Data centres account for around 180 Mt of indirect CO2 emissions today from the consumption…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for liquid fuels
…in the mid-2030s at 103 million barrels per day (mb/d). In the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), stronger policy action brings forward the peak in oil demand to the mid-2020s. In the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario, faster global action to cut emissions means oil demand never returns to its 2019 level and falls to 75 mb/d by 2030.Around 10% of cars sold in 2021 were electric. This rises to 25% in the STEPS and to 60% in the NZE Scenario by 2030. Electric and fuel cell heavy trucks struggle to gain market share in the…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Demand
…car sales in Korea. Policies in these countries are the main driver behind a projected tripling of stock by 2030, with trucks and buses accounting for around 60% and 30% of hydrogen use.In shipping, uncertainties around the implementation of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Net-Zero Framework have given a key role to European regulations as a driver for short-term adoption of hydrogen-based fuels, but in most cases, they are insufficient to enable fuel switching.In aviation, Europe’s mandates remain the only policy driver for adoption, with limited impact on ticket prices expected this decade. However…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Cost acceptability
…were to be implemented across all sectors.The cost gap can also be closed by front-running companies and consumers who are willing to pay a premium for low-emissions products. This willingness is largest for steel and aviation. Co-ordination among stakeholders in the value chain can help to distribute the cost premium to those actors most willing to pay.About 45% of the low-emissions hydrogen demand in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario could be achieved with an abatement cost of less than USD 250/t CO₂ by 2035. Nearly two-thirds of this demand is in China…
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An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Colombia
…goal to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The third-largest country in Latin America and the Caribbean by population, it has seen stable economic and population growth over past decades. A large part of its energy mix is made up of fossil fuels, largely oil, while hydropower provides most electricity. Colombia has abundant untapped solar and wind resources and a strong base of clean energy potential.At the request of the Government of Colombia, the IEA has developed a roadmap to net zero by 2050 for the country. An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in…
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Land-Use Competition between Biodiversity and Net Zero Goals
…Model (REALM), which identifies areas of overlap between renewable projects, critical mineral mining, and conservation priorities. Using Canada as a case study, this report highlights areas of potential land-use conflict and shows how the country can reach its 30% by 2030 target without significantly hindering the wind and solar development needed to achieve its net zero targets. Key points Achieving global energy, climate and biodiversity conservation targets simultaneously has significant implications for land use. At the 28th United Nations Climate Change conference (COP28) in 2023, nearly 200 countries set a target to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030. Based on…
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Cars and Vans
…standards is important as even in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, nearly 80% of cars and vans on the road in 2030 are still powered with internal combustion engines. Sales of heavier, less efficient SUVs reached around 46% of global sales in 2022, while electric vehicles were just 14% of sales. More and more countries are formulating vehicle efficiency standards and some are even putting in place zero-emission vehicle sales requirements. To be in line with the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, all car and van sales will need to be zero-emission by with 2035.
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Chile 2050 Energy Transition Roadmap
…ambitious long-term goals and it stands at a pivotal moment in its energy journey, possessing remarkable renewable and critical mineral resources. The Chile 2050 Energy Transition Roadmap, produced at the request of the Government of Chile, and in close collaboration with the Chilean Ministry of Energy, sets out a detailed pathway for the country to reach its legally binding goal of net zero emissions by 2050 while expanding economic growth and improving energy security and affordability. This pathway relies on four pillars: accelerating energy efficiency, decarbonising the power sector, electrifying end-use sectors, and building modern, resilient electricity grids…
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The Netherlands
The Netherlands aims to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050, and numerous measures have been introduced to support achievement of this goal. A competitive auctions process awards subsidies to renewables, hydrogen and carbon capture, based on avoided CO2 emissions. An offshore wind roadmap is driving rapid deployment and aims for 11.5 GW of capacity by 2030, while strong innovation programmes support deployment of key decarbonisation technologies. Electricity from solar has experienced an impressive growth, with the Netherlands ranking among the top countries in the world for installed PV capacity per capita. The Netherlands will need to closely monitor…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
![The Netherlands Flag]()
