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Germany 2025
…this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Germany and the IEA. It draws on the IEA's extensive knowledge and the inputs of expert peers from IEA Member countries to assess Germany’s most pressing energy sector challenges and provide recommendations on how to address them, backed by international best practices. The report also highlights areas where Germany’s leadership can serve as an example in promoting secure clean energy transitions. It also…
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Germany
Germany’s Climate Law sets out the framework for reaching net zero emissions by 2045. In order to achieve the ambitious Energiewende by 2030, 80% of all electricity supply will need to come from renewable energy sources (and 100% by 2035) and coal is to be completely phased out. Germany has been an early leader in offshore wind and solar PV and phased out nuclear power in 2023. Major legislative reforms in renewable energy planning and siting support targets of 100-110 GW of onshore wind, 30 GW offshore wind and 200 GW solar, alongside investments in 10 GW of…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Oil security and emergency response
Ensuring quick and effective response to major supply disruptions Ensuring energy security has been at the centre of the IEA’s mission since its creation in 1974, following the oil crisis in 1973. Today, the global oil market remains vulnerable to a wide range of risk factors, including natural disasters, major technical accidents, and geo-political tensions. As oil is expected to remain a major component of global energy demand for the coming decades, particu...
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Oil 2025
…shifts in energy policies are affecting oil producers and consumers alike, with oil supply security remaining high on the international energy policy agenda.Oil 2025 looks beyond the short-term horizon covered in the IEA’s monthly Oil Market Report (OMR) to provide a comprehensive overview of evolving oil supply, demand, refining and trade dynamics through 2030. This Report presents detailed forecasts and analysis of oil demand fundamentals across fuels, sectors and regions as well as the supply outlook from planned upstream and downstream projects around the world. The results provide valuable insights on the prospects for spare oil production capacity…
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Oil Market Report - September 2025
…y-o-y in 1H25 has exceeded expectations, supported by lower oil prices, but is forecast to move into contraction in the remainder of the year, leaving 2025 annual oil use broadly flat.Global oil supply inched up in August to a record 106.9 mb/d as OPEC+ continued unwinding output cuts and non-OPEC+ supply hovered near all-time highs. World oil production is now projected to rise by 2.7 mb/d to 105.8 mb/d this year and 2.1 mb/d to 107.9 mb/d next year, of which non-OPEC+ countries account…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Executive summary
…oil imports have adopted stockholding and emergency response legislation, with requirements varying from 16 to 90 days of net imports. More recently, natural gas stockholding requirements have expanded, with gas storage requirements and strategic buffers adopted in close to 30 countries since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Such measures are now in place in importing countries accounting for more than 40% of natural gas imports, compared with 11% in 2010. Disruptions resulting from the conflict in the Middle East have prompted the use of these emergency measures, including the collective action decision of 11 March 2026, which made 400 million barrels of oil…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks
…of supply is having significant impacts in global markets, pushing up prices for crude oil above $100/barrel, and leading to much higher prices for some refined products – notably diesel, jet fuel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Concerns are growing about the impacts of higher prices on households, businesses and the broader economy.In this report, the IEA details 10 demand-side options open to households, businesses and governments to shelter themselves from today’s oil shock and relieve the strains on affordability. These are based on the IEA’s longstanding expertise on energy security and on specific country examples.
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Oil Market Report - December 2025
…a 42 mb build (+1.4 mb/d), led by higher oil on water (+83 mb), while on-land stocks declined by 41 mb, led by a 26 mb contraction in the OECD. Preliminary data for November indicates a further increase of global stocks, largely due to higher non-OECD on-land crude.North Sea Dated crude fell by about $1/bbl on average m-o-m, to $63.63/bbl in November, its fifth consecutive monthly decline and longest losing streak in 11 years. Near-record oil on water, soft crude fundamentals and low volatility pinned prices near four…
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Energy Security
The IEA has been at the heart of international energy security for 50 years – working to avoid, mitigate and manage energy disruptions and crises. While the Agency’s mandate initially centred on oil security, its work has since broadened to include the security of natural gas, electricity and clean energy supply chains.Threats to energy systems are constantly evolving. The IEA continually monitors and analyses these threats, including geopolitical risks, cyberattacks on energy infrastructure, supply chain disruptions and extreme weather events. On 24 and 25 April, 2025, the IEA convened an International Summit on the Future of Energy Security, hosted by the…
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Oil Market Report - June 2025
…World oil supply is projected to rise by 1.8 mb/d to 104.9 mb/d in 2025 and by 1.1 mb/d in 2026, led by non-OPEC+ gains of 1.4 mb/d and 840 kb/d, respectively.Refinery throughputs are forecast to rise by around 460 kb/d in both 2025 and 2026, to average 83.3 mb/d and 83.7 mb/d, respectively. Refining margins in May were at their highest levels since 1Q24. However, the rally in crude prices in early June squeezed profitability levels as gasoline, naphtha and fuel oil cracks…
