-
Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Trade and infrastructure
Trade remains a key driver of low-emissions hydrogen projects, and would underpin over 40% of announced volumes by 2030 if all projects materialise. Less than 8% of this, around 1 Mtpa H₂-eq (hydrogen equivalent), comes from projects that are operational, in construction, or have committed investments, compared with around 16% across the overall project pipeline.First shipments of low-emissions hydrogen are taking place, enabling trials of logistics and certification approaches. Long-term bilateral contracts dominate, particularly for ammonia and ammonia-derived fertilisers, while hot briquetted iron (HBI) is gaining prominence.Announced hydrogen pipeline projects, including new and repurposed natural…
-
The State of Energy Innovation 2026 Executive summary
Successful energy innovations can have outsize economic and social outcomes, impacting industrial competitiveness, trade, environmental health, infrastructure investment and security. The second edition of the State of Energy Innovation turns the spotlight on the technologies, policies and funders at the forefront of this process. Today, the global markets for energy technologies such as batteries, transformers, turbines, motors and heat exchangers are worth trillions of dollars. With spending on energy representing as much as 10% of global GDP, innovation that reduces energy supply costs can transform a country’s comparative advantage. As a result, the energy sector is innovation-intensive: one…
-
Energy Efficiency 2025 Industry
How and where is energy used? Total final consumption in 2024 was over 450 EJ and has grown by around 25 EJ since 2019. Industry accounts for the largest share of this demand, at nearly 40%. Industry saw the strongest growth since 2019, contributing two-thirds of the total increase in global energy demand. The industrial sector can be divided into energy-intensive industries, responsible for three-quarters of total industrial demand, and less intensive industries, which are responsible for the remainder.In energy-intensive industries, energy is largely used in processes that require high-temperature heat, generally above 500°C. Efficiency improvements…
-
Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026 Road transport
Road transport
- Executive summary
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
-
+ 3 pages
-
Fossil Fuel Subsidies
This approach compares average end-user prices paid by consumers with reference prices that correspond to the full cost of supply. The price gap is the amount by which an end-use price is short of the reference price. Its existence indicates the presence of a subsidy. In a given economy, the basic calculation of subsidies for a product is:Subsidy = (Reference price - End-user price) × Units consumedThese calculations require substantial data. End-user price and consumption data are drawn from IEA data and, where necessary, from government sources and other reports. The estimates are also sensitive to reference…
-
Energy and AI Executive summary
The transformative potential of AI depends on energy There has been a step change in the capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI), driven by falling computation costs, a surge in data availability and technical breakthroughs. AI is the science of making machines capable of learning to perform tasks that traditionally required human intelligence. AI is emerging as a general-purpose technology, much like electricity. Today, it can generate text and videos, accelerate scientific discovery in fields like medicine or materials science, make manufacturing robots smarter and more productive, drive commercial taxis in complex city landscapes, and detect threats to critical infrastructure…
-
Gas Market Report, Q2-2026 Executive summary
The Middle East conflict has disrupted gas market fundamentals and is changing the medium-term outlook The war in the Middle East is sending shockwaves through energy markets. The easing of fundamentals in international natural gas markets in early 2026 was abruptly disrupted by the de facto closure of the Strait of Hormuz at the beginning of March, which has created unprecedented uncertainty.The crisis has profoundly distorted short-term market fundamentals and is altering the medium-term outlook for natural gas. The loss, for the time being, of almost 20% of global LNG supply has caused strong price volatility, driving…
-
Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026 Fertilisers
Fertilisers
- Executive summary
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
-
+ 3 pages
-
Global Methane Tracker 2025 Overcoming barriers to abatement
There are gaps in financing, data and capacity Tackling methane emissions from fossil fuel operations represents one of the fastest and lowest-cost opportunities to reduce greenhouse emissions globally. Almost all the available methane abatement measures across the energy sector would be cost-effective to deploy in the presence of a greenhouse gas emissions price of about USD 20/tCO2‑eq. Several factors explain why methane emission reduction measures have not been deployed more widely. For example, companies could be unaware of the scale of the problem or the available solutions. There may be higher-profile opportunities competing for investment resources, or…
-
Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in electric car affordability
Falling battery pack prices and intensifying competition underpin progress in electric car affordability Today, electric cars often have a lower total cost of ownership than ICE cars over the vehicle lifetime, due to reduced fuel and maintenance expenses. However, reducing the purchase price gap will be key to broader uptake. In Europe, for example, respondents to a 2023 survey by the European Commission identified the price of battery electric cars as the main barrier to adoption. While battery electric car prices generally fell in 2024, the price gap with ICE cars remains in most regions. Electric car affordability has made…
