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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Hydrogen
State of the transition Emissions Hydrogen production today is associated with emissions of almost 1 300 Mt CO2 equivalent (CO2-eq) and there has been no progress in reducing them – in contrast, emissions have edged up in recent years.However, the increase in global production (which neared 100 Mt in 2024) has kept the global average emissions intensity of hydrogen production almost constant over the past 5 years. Costs Renewable and low-carbon hydrogen remains more expensive than hydrogen from unabated fossil fuels.The cost gap has increased recently due to slower-than-expected deployment, inflation and the fall in fossil fuel prices.Electrolyser…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Financing Electricity Access in Africa Beyond new connections
…states or small islands. These communities have some of the lowest electrification rates on the continent but are often excluded from financing due to their complexity. In many of these settings, decentralised solutions are viable, but higher risks mean public and highly concessional capital will be necessary, particularly to pilot new financing models.Women play an integral role in electricity access since they are often managers of household energy, as well as consumers, including as entrepreneurs. They face severe barriers to accessing finance, with an estimated USD 42 billion financing gap for women-led businesses on the continent. Improving sex-disaggregated data…
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India Bioenergy Market Report Executive summary
…compressed biogas (CBG) sector undergoing a promising growth spurt. The new eleven major national policies put in place since 2018 have been successful to attract significant investment interest, with around 170 functional plants by 2025 and a pipeline of almost 300 new ones under construction.Interest is also growing in sustainable aviation fuels and innovative fuel pathways. As demand for low-emissions fuels in aviation is expected to grow, so too is demand for biojet. However, rapid deployment of new projects, as well as scaling up new fuel technology pathways, will be required to meet forthcoming demand driven by India…
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Financing the Modernisation of Power Systems Beyond Coal Executive summary
…strategies: heightened volatility in gas markets, driven in large part by conflict in the Middle East, has increased the short-term economic value of existing coal assets. At the same time, interest has grown in new financing mechanisms that could help accelerate coal transitions. Transition credits are one such option that have received increasing attention in the energy and carbon markets community in Southeast Asia. This report examines how transition credits could be designed to accelerate a coal transition for those countries seeking to do so, while maintaining energy security and grid reliability. This report focuses primarily on Southeast Asia…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Buildings
…certificates provide transparency about a building's energy use, allowing consumers to make better-informed decisions. They can also help deliver insights to governments on a country’s building stock, which in turn can inform new policy including regulatory updates to the building energy code. Other information tools include campaigns to raise awareness and acceptance among stakeholders and one-stop-shops that facilitate easy access to grants and other incentives, alongside guidance and quality assurance.Incentives such as retrofit grants can promote efficient technologies by lowering the upfront cost of the investment, making an energy efficiency upgrade more accessible and…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Techno-economic inputs
…Close to 85% of coal resources are located in Asia and North America.Overall, the gradual depletion of resources (at a pace that varies by scenario) means that operators have to develop more difficult and complex reservoirs. This tends to push up production costs over time, although this effect is offset by the assumed continuous adoption of new, more efficient production technologies and practices. Electricity generation technology costs Major contributors to the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) include: overnight capital costs; capacity factor that describes the average output over the year relative to the maximum rated capacity (typical values provided…
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Ensuring a Strong Labour Dimension for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions
…a just energy transition for workers. The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines just transition as “greening the economy in a way that is as fair and inclusive as possible to everyone concerned, creating decent work opportunities and leaving no one behind’’. The ILO also stresses the need to respect fundamental labour principles and rights and to implement effective social dialogue. In 2015, the ILO published Just Transition Guidelines covering a range of measures: labour market policies to create new decent jobs and limit job losses, skills development, mechanisms for social dialogue, guidance on policy coherence, occupational safety and health policies…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Manufacturing and trade
Manufacturing and trade of electric cars Global electric car output reached record levels in 2025 while European production rebounded Nearly 22 million electric cars were produced globally in 2025 – up more than 25% compared to the previous year. Of those, about one-quarter were traded between major production and demand centres. China remains the world’s largest hub for manufacturing and trade of electric cars, capturing nearly 75% and 40% of the respective global totals. Primarily led by domestic carmakers, China’s 2025 production of 16 million electric cars outstripped domestic demand by 20%, pushing Chinese electric car exports to double to…
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Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency for Business Operational benefits
For every dollar in energy cost savings, productivity gains can deliver up to an extra 30 cents of value Energy efficiency measures can improve how firms use labour, equipment and materials, leading to gains that go beyond reduced energy use. These improvements are often driven by more efficient, precise and optimised processes. By reducing losses – such as excess heat, inefficient combustion or friction – equipment operates more smoothly and reliably. Electrified processes can further enhance efficiency by reducing the number of moving parts and points of failure.This improved performance leads directly to higher productivity. More efficient production lines enable better…
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Cost of Capital Observatory Dashboard
Overview The dashboard is a free resource that provides data on the cost of capital focused on clean energy projects in emerging and developing economies. It also provides information of the main underlying risks perceived by investors and financiers in each country as well as case studies. We hope these resources will help drive policy changes that can lower financing costs in the parts of the world that most need it. For additional information on how to estimate the cost of capital, this IEA article highlights the importance of financing costs in the energy transition, defines what financing costs are (also commonly…
