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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Clean cooking infrastructure
The right ingredients Extending access depends on new infrastructure, with differing requirements across technologies and regions. This chapter maps for the first time ever Africa’s existing clean cooking infrastructure, highlighting gaps and key considerations for expansion.Widening liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) distribution in sub-Saharan Africa requires the buildout of infrastructure. This includes additional primary storage – which is concentrated in oil producing states today – and improved port infrastructure, as 50% of LPG demand in the region is imported. On the distribution side, additional bottling facilities and specialised vehicles for safe transportation are required. With nearly 20 plants operating, cylinder manufacturing…
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Electricity Market Design Executive summary
…and market design must evolve with them Electricity systems are undergoing rapid structural change, increasing the need for market frameworks that keep pace with evolving operational and investment requirements and possibilities. Electricity is central to modern economies, and its role is expanding as consumption patterns shift, digitalisation accelerates, energy systems decentralise, and variable resources grow. Across major regions, these trends are increasing the complexity of real-time operations and reshaping investment dynamics. Short-term and seasonal flexibility needs are projected to grow faster than demand over the next decade, while electrification in many sectors is strengthening the dependence of households…
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Rare Earth Elements Illustrative mine-to-magnet value chain
Illustrative mine-to-magnet value chain
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Cutting through the noise
Cutting through the noise
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Mongolia
Coal is the first source of electricity generation in Mongolia, but the country has recently begun using hydro, solar and wind power, and has adopted a law aiming to increase and regulate the use of renewables.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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2026 Energy Crisis Policy Response Tracker
Explore government actions to conserve energy and support consumers in response to the energy market impacts of the conflict in the Middle East
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Oil use in industry
…facilities make quick savings. A walk-through of a facility with operational staff, combined with the use of energy management information systems, is often the first step to identify these opportunities.Policy examples: There is experience dating back to the 1970s on how to encourage urgent energy savings in industry. Japan promoted quick energy management, such as cleaning, measuring, and minor repairs, while the United Kingdom recommended operational improvements, maintenance and monitoring. Meanwhile, the United States created Industrial Assessment Centers to help manufacturers cut back on energy costs through free energy audits. More recently, in 2022, the European Union’s…
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Aluminium
Country and regional Highlights
Technological progress is being made in a range of countries, while the expected expansion of China’s emissions trading systems will be key to reducing direct emissions
CO2 emissions
Further action to reduce emissions intensity will be needed to get on track with the NZE Scenario
Energy
While the energy efficiency of aluminium production has improved, fuel switching needs to accelerate
Activity
Technology deployment
Innovation
Policy
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World Energy Outlook 2025 GPT
Consult our AI-powered agent to explore the IEA's flagship report Licence: In using this WEO GPT agent, you agree to the following: (a) the World Energy Outlook content, including textual content and data that feeds into WEO GPT, remains owned by the OECD/IEA, (b) whilst the IEA does not retain or claim any rights in your queries or prompts to this agent (Queries), the IEA is entitled to use them, and any feedback you provide to us, for any purpose, including to imp...
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Key findings
…winter.High energy prices are causing a huge transfer of wealth from consumers to producers, back to the levels seen in 2014 for oil, but entirely unprecedented for natural gas. High fuel prices account for 90% of the rise in the average costs of electricity generation worldwide, natural gas alone for more than 50%. The costs of renewables and carbon dioxide have played only a marginal role, underscoring that this is a crisis where energy transitions are the solution, rather than the problem.Price and economic pressures mean that the number of people without access to modern energy is rising…
