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Vehicule Emissions Scheme
All new and used petrol or diesel vehicles imported for registration in Singapore shall comply with the Euro VI emission standards.Singapore implemented the Vehicular Emissions Scheme (VES) on 1 January 2018 to encourage the purchase of cleaner passenger cars. The scheme categorises vehicles into five bands based on the emissions level of the worst-performing pollutant, including carbon dioxide (CO₂), hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. As CO₂ emissions are directly linked to fuel consumption, the scheme indirectly incorporates fuel efficiency considerations into vehicle classification.Car buyers receive rebates or incur surcharges depending on the VES band…
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Fuel Economy Standards on Heavy Duty Vehicles
The regulation sets fuel economy standards for diesel trucks with a gross vehicle weight (GVW) >= 3.5 t, all diesel tractor trucks, diesel transit buses with GVW >= 6 t and diesel highway buses with GVW >= 3.5t. Japanese regulators tightened Phase 1 standards by raising the fuel economy targets. When the Phase 2 targets are fully met, the fleet average fuel economy is estimated to be:For trucks, 7.63 km/L, a 13.4% improvement over the 2015 baseline at 6.72 km/LFor buses, 6.52 km/L, a 14.3% improvement…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Clean cooking: State of play and recent progress
Nearing a turning point? A lack of clean cooking continues to have profound impacts on public health, women’s equality, economic development, and the environment. Globally, a lack of clean cooking contributes to around 3 million premature deaths each year, with women and children facing the greatest exposure, and accounts for annual emissions equivalent to 1.2 Gt CO2-eq, roughly equivalent to the global CO2 emissions from international aviation and shipping. The challenge is most severe in sub-Saharan Africa, where four out of five households lack clean cooking access today. To spur global action on the issue, the…
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Buildings
How and where is energy used? Total final consumption in 2024 was over 450 EJ and has grown by around 25 EJ since 2019. Buildings account for around 30% of global energy demand and have contributed around 20% of the growth in total demand since 2019. The residential sector makes up about 70% of total energy demand in buildings, while the remaining 30% is used in commercial and public buildings.In advanced economies, most energy in homes is used for space and water heating, together accounting for about 70%. This is followed by the use of electrical appliances, such as refrigerators, televisions…
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Regional insights
Central and South America The fossil fuel sector in Central and South America emitted just under 8 million tonnes (Mt) of methane in 2025, around half of which was from oil and gas facilities in Venezuela. Oil and gas facilities are the main sources of methane emissions in Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil, whereas in Colombia emissions are split roughly evenly between coal mining and oil and gas activities. In Venezuela, the upstream methane emissions intensity of oil and gas operations is nearly six times the global average, and flaring intensity is around 12 times higher. The intensities of operations in Argentina…
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Brazil 2025 Policy recommendations for Brazil
Energy and climate policy landscape 1. Ensure that PLANTE serves as a coherent, overarching plan for the national energy transition that achieves a sustainable and balanced economic and social transformation for Brazil.2. Review all government spending across energy sources to realign in support of PLANTE. People-centred clean energy transitions 3. Introduce an integrated people-centred framework for the energy transition.4. Implement whole-of-government energy transition workforce mapping and planning to ensure opportunities in local communities are optimised.15. Integrate electricity into the portfolio of options for clean cooking access for families. Investment and financing 6. Pursue…
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Biofuels
Country and regional highlights
The United States Inflation Reduction Act makes USD 9.4 billion available for biofuels
Energy
Biofuel demand increased by 6% in 2022, continuing the recent pace of growth
Technology deployment
Biofuel production technology needs to diversify to sustainably take advantage of existing waste and residue feedstocks
Innovation
Technologies that can convert woody feedstocks into biofuels need to be proven at scale in the next few years
Supporting infrastructure
Policy
Investment
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Oil
Oil
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Road
More stringent and broader coverage of fuel efficiency standards for light-duty vehicles is needed
For cars and vans, increasing fuel efficiency standards is important as even in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, nearly 80% of cars and vans on the road in 2030 are still powered with internal combustion engines. Sales of heavier, less efficient SUVs reached around 46% of global sales in 2022, while electric vehicles were just 14% of sales. More and more countries are formulating vehicle efficiency standards and some are even putting in place zero-emission vehicle sales requirements. To be in line…
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Hydrogen
Low-emissions hydrogen projects are set to grow strongly despite wave of cancellations and persistent challenges
Worldwide hydrogen demand increased to almost 100 million tonnes in 2024, up 2% from 2023 and in line with overall energy demand growth. The vast majority of this was met by hydrogen produced from fossil fuels without measures in place to capture associated emissions. Sectors that have traditionally used hydrogen, such as oil refining and industry, remained the biggest consumers.
The uptake of low-emissions hydrogen is not yet meeting the expectations set by industry and governments in recent years, especially in light of…