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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for solid fuels
Recent developments have dealt a blow to the idea that global coal demand might soon subside. The drop in coal demand in 2020 was more than offset by a strong rebound in 2021, taking it very close to its all-time high. In advanced economies, where coal use had been declining, demand increased by nearly 10%. In emerging market and developing economies, which account for just over 80% of global coal use today, demand rose by 5%.Coal production in 2021 struggled to keep pace with one of the largest ever annual increases in demand. Markets have been further upended…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Building
State of the transition Emissions Sectorial CO2 emissions trends have been fairly stable since 2018.Efficiency gains in buildings are improving energy use, but rising ownership of appliances and extreme weather increasingly offset these benefits.Emissions intensity of steel and cement is largely the same as 2020, while global construction activity has slowed in recent years. Cost Investment in building energy efficiency has risen over the past decade, but growth is now stalling, while spending on electrification grows steadily.High-efficiency building envelopes often entail higher upfront costs, constraining uptake in markets without dedicated financial support mechanisms.Strengthening the business…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Global Energy and Climate Model Understanding GEC Model scenarios
Overview The IEA’s medium- to long-term outlook publications – including the World Energy Outlook (WEO) and Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) – use a scenario approach relying on the Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model to examine future energy trends.Each scenario has the same starting point and is based on the latest data for energy supply and demand, markets, technology costs and policies, as well as the same pathways for future population and economic growth.The energy system described and explored in each scenario evolves in a distinctive pathway that delivers energy services with a different mix of technologies and…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2024 Executive summary
…exceeding the World Health Organization’s recommended safe limits, leading to 300 000 premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and 240 000 from indoor air pollution linked to the use of polluting fuels for cooking. The region also faces risks from extreme weather, including a crippling heat wave in 2024 and heightened flood risks around rivers and coastal areas.Fossil fuels – led by coal – have met nearly 80% of Southeast Asia’s rising energy demand since 2010. Today, oil and coal each make up over a quarter of the region’s energy demand, with natural gas contributing around one-fifth…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Electric vehicle batteries
Trends in battery demand Global battery demand for the energy sector hit the 1 TWh milestone in 2024 Electric cars remain the main driver of battery demand, but demand for trucks nearly doubledBattery demand in the energy sector, for both EV batteries and storage applications, reached the historical milestone of 1 TWh in 2024. Demand for one average week alone in 2024 exceeded the total demand for an entire year just a decade earlier. Demand was largely driven by growth in EV sales, as demand for EV batteries grew to over 950 GWh – 25% more than in 2023. Electric cars remain the…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Key questions about hydrogen
…While renewable hydrogen offers a long-term pathway to reduce reliance on volatile fossil-based supply chains, it cannot provide an immediate solution, underscoring the structural vulnerability of current fertiliser markets. How can hydrogen and hydrogen derivatives contribute to energy security and in what timeframe? Energy security today goes beyond adequate supply at affordable prices to encompass resilience, diversification and flexibility. Hydrogen can support these objectives in several ways. By enabling the use of domestic resources, renewable hydrogen can reduce reliance on fossil fuel imports, thereby reducing exposure to supply disruptions. Renewable hydrogen can also enhance price stability when linked…
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Financing Clean Energy in Africa Mobilising capital for a sustainable future
Summary To mobilise the over USD 200 billion needed annually by 2030 under the Sustainable Africa Scenario (SAS), the full range of capital sources need to be deployed. Increasing concessional funding while simultaneously mobilising more private capital must be a priority; in parallel, strengthening domestic financial systems is vital to create sustainable long-term financing options.Despite their importance, the amount of concessional funds is not increasing in Africa. They are also failing to target some of the riskiest areas where they are most necessary, such as early-stage project financing, new technologies, and fragile or conflict-prone countries. It is urgent…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Regional insights
…GDP and energy demand. Priorities, objectives and national circumstances vary widely between and within regions, but two trends that are visible in most parts of the world are a rise in the electrification of end-uses, and a rise in the share of renewables in electricity generation. Energy trends in advanced economies are shaped by the structure of their economies, and by high average incomes and rates of vehicle and appliance ownership. Overall energy demand typically has peaked, although electricity use continues to increase, with electric vehicles and data centres adding to demand. Energy demand per capita is generally lower…
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Global Energy and Climate Model About the Global Energy and Climate Model
…service and material demand.Energy transformation, including electricity generation and heat production, refineries, the production of biofuels, hydrogen and hydrogen-derived fuels and other energy-related processes, as well as related transmission and distribution systems, storage and trade.Energy supply, including fossil fuels exploration, extraction and trade, and the availability of renewable energy resources.Inputs to the model include: historical technology stock, cost and performance; energy statistics and balance data; policies and regulations; and socio-economic drivers.Outputs from the model include: projected technology stock, cost, and performance; energy flows by fuel; investment needs and costs; materials and critical minerals…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Setting the scene
Regional imbalances in energy investment Global energy investment has steadily risen over the past decade and reached over USD 3.3 trillion for the first time in 2025. Clean energy investment trends are especially notable – with investments in a range of clean energy technologies and infrastructure, taken together, accounting for nearly two-thirds of global investments today. However, these headline numbers often mask a persistent trend: a gaping regional imbalance in global energy investment. After removing the share of investment going towards advanced economies and People’s Republic of China (hereafter, “China”), emerging market and developing economies (EMDE) other than…
