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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Investment and innovation
Highlights Capital spending on low-emissions hydrogen projects reached USD 4.3 billion in 2024, an 80% increase from 2023. Based on recent final investment decisions (FIDs), spending could rise by more than 80% in 2025 to nearly USD 8 billion.In 2024, capital spending was almost evenly split between electrolysis and carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS)-equipped hydrogen production. In 2025, electrolysis is expected to account for 80% of spending but only 56% of production from projects under construction, given its higher capital intensity.Investment in electrolysis-based projects is highest in China and Europe, while the United States allocates a larger share…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Government energy spending
…shifts towards market-based mechanisms, with more than ten countries launching capacity auctions for solar PV and wind over the past five years. Notably, China reduced its renewables subsidies and phased out feed-in tariffs for new projects in 2025. Similarly, Germany’s corresponding budget position was paused in 2022 and 2023 due to high electricity prices, and the United States enacted legislation in July 2025 to end its solar and wind tax credits for new projects starting in 2026. In contrast, the United Kingdom allocated an all-time high allocation to the Low Carbon Contracts Company, managing the contract-for…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Executive summary
Moldova’s new National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) lays out the country’s ambition to improve energy efficiency, reduce fossil fuel demand and decarbonise its economy. Buildings account for more than half of Moldova’s final energy consumption, with three-quarters of that used for space and water heating. Currently, these needs are met chiefly by imported natural gas and domestic biomass – two fuel sources that suffer from availability and sustainability issues. Heat pump technology offers Moldova an effective means of accelerating the transition in building heating. This roadmap discusses the status of Moldova’s heating sector, the potential…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026 Hydrogen
Hydrogen
- Executive summary
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
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+ 3 pages
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Executive summary
Georgia is at a pivotal point in shaping sustainable transport policy. This roadmap guides policy makers in making transport cleaner, fairer and more efficient while building on Georgia’s strengths – its location, institutions, competitive wages, low-emissions electricity and natural resources. Key opportunities include assembling and producing electric vehicles; manufacturing cells and battery components for mobility and storage; strengthening regional freight links; and developing low-emissions fuels.Road transport has become cleaner and more efficient, but progress needs to accelerate. Car ownership and freight activity have risen along with incomes, but this comes at a cost: Nearly all of Georgia…
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Rare Earth Elements Executive summary
…industrial motors and AI data centres, as well as medical, aerospace and defence applications.Demand for magnet rare earth elements (neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium and terbium) has doubled since 2015 and is set to expand further by a third by 2030 under today’s policy settings, thanks to growing electrification and the rapid deployment of new energy technologies such as EVs and wind turbines. Growth in automation, robotics and digital technologies plays an increasing role in driving demand beyond 2030, as permanent magnets enable precision motion control, miniaturisation and energy efficiency improvement for these applications. The supply of magnet rare earths…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Electric vehicle charging
…2024 to just under 200 000 public charging points. The National EV Infrastructure Program, part of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law that was passed in 2021, allocated USD 5 billion to fund fast chargers along corridors, although by the end of 2024 only around USD 30 million had been spent on charging points that are now in operation. In January 2025, Executive Order 14154 paused the disbursement of these funds for a review of the processes, policies and programmes associated with grant selections, making future disbursements of the remaining unspent funds uncertain. Policy efforts in India continue to support charging accessibility, with about 40 000 new pu...
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Production
…project for production from fossil fuels with carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) started operation in 2025. Two smaller projects are expected for 2026, but several have been postponed due to delays in CCUS infrastructure.Investment momentum slowed in 2025. New final investment decisions (FIDs) dropped below 0.8 Mtpa after two consecutive years at around 1 Mtpa. Recent policy developments in China can reinvigorate investment, but lack of demand and regulatory barriers lead to an uncertain outlook in the rest of the world.Committed production grew by 3%, reaching 4.3 Mt by 2030, which could increase to more than 6 Mt if…
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Gas Market Report, Q3-2025 Executive summary
…continues to closely monitor developments in the Middle East.Following an expected slowdown in 2025, natural gas demand growth is forecast to accelerate in 2026, sending total demand to a new all-time high. A strong increase in LNG supply is set to ease market fundamentals and foster more robust demand growth in Asia’s price-sensitive markets. Natural gas demand in Asia markedly slowed in the first half of 2025 amid macroeconomic uncertainty and tight supply Following a relatively strong increase in 2024, global natural gas demand grew at a significantly slower rate in the first half of…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 7. Palembang waste-to-energy plant
Project overview and impact Indonesia faces a dual challenge of rapidly growing waste volumes and persistent electricity supply constraints. The country generates around 65 million tonnes of waste annually, yet only about 20% is formally treated, and most cities rely heavily on landfills. In 2017, the government designated 12 priority cities for accelerated waste-to-energy (WTE) development, including Palembang, and introduced preferential feed-in tariffs and guaranteed waste-tipping fees to attract private investment. Despite this, only two WTE plants, Surabaya’s Benowo PLTSa and Surakarta’s Putri Cempo PLTSa, both on Java island, were operational before 2024, highlighting…
