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Coal 2025 Prices and costs
…in the high-CV market, where prices fluctuated between USD 92/t and USD 122/t, while for low-CV the spread was only USD 9/t.Met coal prices have followed a distinct trajectory since mid-2023, with significantly higher volatility compared with high-CV thermal coal. Prices exceeded USD 350/t in the third quarter of 2023, driven by rising demand from China and India. Market tightness eased in the second quarter of 2024, supported by increased exports from Mongolia to China. Since then, prices continued to decline, averaging USD 186/t in the first eight months of 2025.Recent market movements underscore the…
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- Demand
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Gas Trade Flows Interactive Map
Explore the Gas Trade Flows dataset in a new format. Use the map to discover visuals and analytics
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Progress summary dashboard
Production Electrolysers Policies Investment
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in electric car markets
…to 50% for the full year. In China, 2024 marks the fourth consecutive year in which the electric car sales share grew by approximately 10 percentage points year-on-year.The growth in China reflects in no small part the growing price competitiveness of battery electric cars with conventional cars in the country. In addition, China’s electric car market benefitted from the introduction of a trade-in scheme in April 2024. The scheme, which is part of a wider economic stimulus package, applies to the purchase of conventional and electric cars alike, but with different levels of financial support…
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World Energy Investment 2025 Source, flows and destination of global energy-related investment spending
Most energy investment is supported by commercial finance and made by private sponsors, but the sources of finance vary widely by technology and region. Today, 75% of the available finance for investment in the energy sector is commercial finance, but domestic and international public finance play important roles that vary widely across regions and sectors.
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Trends in electric cars
…sales increased to 65%, reversing the trend seen in the 2 years prior. While 2024 saw a strong increase in extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs), this did not continue in 2025, dropping to less than 7% of total electric car sales, after rising to 7.5% in 2024.Market developments varied across regions. In the People’s Republic of China (hereafter, “China”), growth slowed slightly partly as a result of its trade-in scheme being temporary halted, but the country still accounted for more than half of the global increase in electric car sales in 2025. Europe experienced an upswing in…
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Energy and AI Energy supply for AI
…generation for data centre operations by 2035. Consequently, CO2 emissions from electricity generation for data centres peak at around 320 Mt CO2 by 2030, before entering a shallow decline to around 300 Mt CO2 by 2035. Despite rapid growth, data centres remain a relatively small part of the overall power system, rising from about 1% of global electricity generation today to 3% in 2030, accounting for less than 1% of total global CO2 emissions. Regional outlook The United States and China are by far the largest data centre markets today. In both countries, most of the electricity consumed by data centres...
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Electric vehicle batteries
…EV. Emerging markets and developing economies other than China continued to represent only a small share of global battery demand, reaching nearly 5% in 2024. Nevertheless, their share has doubled since 2022, underpinned by sustained growth in Southeast Asia, India and Brazil. Outlook for battery demand Electric vehicle battery demand jumps more than threefold by 2030 EV battery demand continues to grow, and is expected to reach more than 3 TWh in 2030 in the STEPS, up from about 1 TWh in 2024. While electric cars will remain the primary driver of battery demand, other modes are set to gain market share. Notably…
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Accelerating sustainable transport
…the road transport fleet, boosting overall transport system efficiency and expanding the use of fossil-free fuels. These objectives support a broad transformation, aimed not only at curbing greenhouse gas emissions in Armenia, but also at improving economic competitiveness and quality of life.To speed the transition, Armenia’s transport governance must evolve. This chapter outlines key reforms, including greater transparency and the creation of dedicated institutions to support long-term strategic planning.Accelerating sustainable transport requires targeted investments in modern infrastructure – from freight corridors that support multimodal transport to an expanded, reliable network of charging stations. It also calls…
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COP28: Tracking the Energy Outcomes
…process at COP28, countries are developing the second cycle of Nationally Determined Contributions, or NDCs, under the Paris Agreement. Strong ambition and implementation of these NDCs will be crucial in determining the pace at which global greenhouse gas emissions decline over the next decade.The IEA is working with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat and sharing data, analysis and policy advice with governments to inform this process.Our Climate Pledges Explorer tracks existing NDCs and net zero targets for more than 190 countries. The interactive database, which also lays out what each country’s NDC implies for energy sector emissions, is…