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Global Energy Review 2025 Global trends
Energy demand accelerates, with electricity leading the way Different elements of the world’s energy system saw very different rates of growth in 2024, reflecting both the impact of short-term factors and deeper structural trends. Global energy demand grew by 2.2% in 2024, a notably faster rate than the annual average of 1.3% seen between 2013 and 2023. This uptick was partly due to the effect of extreme weather, which we estimate added 0.3 percentage points to the 2.2% growth. Despite this, energy demand grew more slowly than the global economy, which expanded by 3…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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Jinsun Lim
Former Energy and Environment Policy Analyst. Jinsun Lim leads work on climate resilience and climate change impact assessment of the energy sector. She is responsible for coordinating IEA’s engagement at COP.
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Sara Moarif
Head of Environment and Climate Change (ECC) Unit. Sara Moarif has been head of the Environment and Climate Change Unit at the IEA since late 2019. In this role she oversees a range of internal and external work on energy and environment policy issues, from carbon pricing systems in the power sector to the climate resilience of energy systems, along with IEA participation in the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group and parts of the IEA's international climate-related engagement.
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Steel
State of the transition Emissions Total CO2 emissions remain largely unchanged from recent years, while direct CO2 emissions intensity has seen an uptick since 2021. Both must fall in the coming years to get on track with the IEA’s Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE Scenario). Cost Blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) routes make up about 70% of global steel production today.Hydrogen direct reduced iron electric arc furnace (H2 DRI-EAF) routes are emerging as a preferred low-emissions option in certain regions. Early commercial plants using 100% hydrogen blends are estimated to cost 50…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for liquid fuels
The situation for oil markets today could hardly be more different from what it was in 2020. Two years ago, lockdowns imposed in response to the Covid-19 pandemic caused a huge oversupply of oil, leading prices to collapse to an average of USD 44/barrel. Today, global supply is struggling to keep pace with demand, with many producers bumping up against capacity constraints and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine sharply accentuating market tightness. Prices have soared to an average of USD 105/barrel so far in 2022.Global oil use is subject to sharply conflicting pressures. Some sectors, notably aviation, are…
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Kieran McNamara
Energy and Environment Analyst.
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Syrine El Abed
Africa Programme Manager.
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Ilias Atigui
India Programme Officer.
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Global Energy Review 2025 Coal
Global coal demand growth slows Global coal demand grew by 1.2% in 2024 in energy terms, rising by around 67 million tonnes of coal equivalent (Mtce) (or in physical terms by 1.4% or 123 million tonnes). The growth rate has been declining since the strong rebound in 2021 following the end of Covid-19 lockdowns in many countries.The electricity sector continues to drive coal demand, accounting for two-thirds of global consumption. In 2024, global coal power generation grew by nearly 1% to 10 700 TWh, a new high. A key driver was record temperatures, which pushed up electricity demand for…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Executive summary
Fundamental shifts are reshaping global car markets The car industry is undergoing profound changes as electric car sales continue to rise and the geography of global car sales shifts. Global car sales approached 80 million in 2024 and have largely bounced back from their pandemic-related slump. Recent growth has been exclusively driven by sales of electric and hybrid cars, which made up around 30% of total car sales in 2024, while global sales of pure internal combustion engine (ICE) cars peaked in 2017 and have since fallen by 30%. By contrast, electric car sales grew more than 14-fold over…
