-
Energy and Gender
It comprises a number of senior officials from IEA Member countries, facilitating the exchange of best practices on gender equality and inclusion and gender mainstreaming across the energy sector. Women are vital energy consumers, producers and decision-makers who make a crucial contribution to global energy security and energy transitions. Building a more secure, fair and equitable energy future hinges on their active participation.Recognising this, the IEA’s Member countries have asked the Agency to focus on key issues at the nexus of energy and gender, from improving gender data collection to expanding analysis of the gender dimensions of…
-
Oil 2025 Executive summary
Turbulent times in oil markets Heightened geopolitical risks, unresolved trade tensions, and policy shifts have added myriad uncertainties to the oil market outlook. Since the start of the year, major economic forecasters have cut their outlooks for world GDP growth in 2025 by roughly half a percentage point to around 2.8% and see a below-trend pace of about 3% annually for the remainder of the decade, with knock-on implications for oil demand. With conflicts in the Middle East region at risk of intensifying and trade negotiations ongoing, uncertainties surrounding our forecasts are substantial. At the same time…
-
Rare Earth Elements Executive summary
Rare earth elements have rapidly moved to the forefront of the energy and economic policy agenda Rare earth elements play a crucial role in a wide range of strategic applications, from energy, transport and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to aerospace, medical and defence systems. The wide range of applications, combined with highly concentrated supply chains, has elevated their importance in both energy and broader economic security discussions. Though relatively plentiful in the Earth’s crust, this set of 17 elements have garnered the label “rare” because economically viable concentrations are uncommon and they are seldom found in pure form. Their chemical…
-
Indicators Handbook for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions Introduction
In addition to reducing emissions, clean energy transitions present unique opportunities to create socio-economic benefits (e.g. new decent jobs, reduced energy poverty and improved air quality). Tracking these benefits can help highlight and communicate the positive effects of clean energy transitions across different population groups. This year, the South African G20 Presidency and Brazilian COP30 Presidency have prioritised just and inclusive energy transitions and this Indicators Handbook has been developed to support and promote these efforts.The Indicators Handbook is based on the voluntary G20 Principles for Just and Inclusive Transitions, endorsed by G20 leaders in November 2024…
-
Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency for Business The business value of energy efficiency
Energy efficiency is often described as the “first fuel” because the cheapest and most secure energy is the energy that is not used. For businesses, this begins with a straightforward benefit: lower energy bills. In many cases, efficiency investments can pay back quickly through reduced energy costs alone, improving margins and reducing exposure to price volatility.However, the value of energy efficiency extends beyond energy savings. By improving how equipment, buildings and processes operate, efficiency measures deliver wide-ranging benefits that strengthen business competitiveness across several dimensions: Operational benefits Efficient and electrified equipment operates more reliably and with less stress…
-
Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Building the market
This chapter focuses on driving consumer and industrial demand for heat pumps while building a base of manufacturers and installers. It discusses energy pricing, including taxes and levies on electricity and gas, carbon pricing and other types of instruments to encourage the deployment of heat pumps in Moldova. Communication A main barrier identified during stakeholder consultations for this study was a lack of consumer knowledge and experience with heat pumps. This is an issue that should be addressed upfront, as it can result in uncertainty about the operation of heat pumps and spreading of misinformation about their applications or limits…
-
Energy Efficiency 2025 Transport
How and where is energy used? Total final consumption in 2024 was over 450 EJ and has grown by around 25 EJ since 2019. Transport accounts for around 30% of global energy demand and have contributed around 10% of the growth in total demand since 2019. Road transport accounts for nearly 90% of total domestic energy demand. The remaining 10% is split between domestic aviation, domestic shipping and rail.In advanced economies, passenger cars dominate road transport demand, accounting for around 65% of the transport energy use. Trucks make up most of the remainder. Buses play a minor role in energy demand…
-
What Next for the Global Car Industry Executive summary
Fundamental shifts are reshaping global car markets The car industry is undergoing profound changes as electric car sales continue to rise and the geography of global car sales shifts. Global car sales approached 80 million in 2024 and have largely bounced back from their pandemic-related slump. Recent growth has been exclusively driven by sales of electric and hybrid cars, which made up around 30% of total car sales in 2024, while global sales of pure internal combustion engine (ICE) cars peaked in 2017 and have since fallen by 30%. By contrast, electric car sales grew more than 14-fold over…
-
Investment
This initiative includes a dashboard that offers free data on financing costs for clean energy projects, tools and analysis to help governments identify and address investment risks, and case studies showcasing successful strategies for mobilising capital. This initiative includes a dashboard that offers free data on financing costs for clean energy projects, tools and analysis to help governments identify and address investment risks, and case studies showcasing successful strategies for mobilising capital. Globally, energy investment by governments, households and businesses is expected to reach a new high of $3.3 trillion in 2025. How this spending is allocated has major…
-
Methane Tracker
Interactive database of country and regional estimates for methane emissions and abatement options