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Russia's War on Ukraine
…truly global energy crisis. Two years on, energy prices have pulled back from record highs, but trends vary widely among regions. In many parts of the world, prices are still elevated – holding back economic growth, straining the finances of households and businesses, and complicating efforts to improve access to electricity. Energy markets, faced with an unusually high degree of geopolitical uncertainty, remain on edge.In Ukraine, the energy sector is on the front line of the war for the second consecutive winter. As temperatures have dropped, Russia has resumed a broad military offensive targeting power plants and other key energy infrastructure across…
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Cuba
Cuba’s energy supply mainly comes from oil products, accounting for over 80% of power generation.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Iraq
Iraq holds abundant oil and gas resources and has strong solar PV potential. Its production to 2030 is set to be third largest contributor to global oil supply. By the same year, the government expects that renewable capacity will amount for 5% of the country’s total system capacity.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
![Iraq Flag]()
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Global Energy Review 2025 Natural gas
…above the rate of around 1% between 2019 and 2023, amid the Covid pandemic and global energy crisis. Emerging market and developing economies in Asia accounted for around 40% of additional gas demand in 2024 on the back of continued economic expansion. Industry and power sectors drove higher consumption From a sectoral perspective, global gas demand growth was largely supported by industry and electricity generation, which accounted for around 75% of incremental gas demand in 2024. This was bolstered by continued economic expansion in fast-growing markets in Asia, as well as some recovery in Europe’s industrial gas demand…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Strategies to speed action
…cost-effective at a carbon price of about USD 20 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2‑eq). Methane abatement has not caught on as widely as it could, for several reasons. Companies may underestimate of the scale of the problem or be unaware of the available solutions. Capital is often steered toward higher-profile projects, while corporate leaders may overstate the costs of cutting methane. Incentives can also be misaligned: equipment owners do not always benefit from fixing methane leaks, contracts may blunt the impact of savings on revenues, and those who own the gas may not recognise its full value…
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Energy and Water
…as well as climate change. This has significant implications for ensuring both energy and water security. Energy's water problem Energy demand for water desalination is poised to double to 2030 Almost all of the world’s water demand is met by groundwater and surface water. However, water stress has led to an increase in the use of non-traditional resources, such as saltwater. This requires desalination, the process of separating saline water (seawater or brackish water) into freshwater and concentrated salt. Global energy demand for desalination has nearly doubled since 2010, and current trends point to another doubling to…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Production
…China leads electrolysis manufacturing thanks to low costs and experience with large projects, but some signs of consolidation are also arising there, due to unsustainable domestic competition driven by excess capacity and offers below manufacturing costs. As a response, many manufacturers are looking to expand markets outside of China.In the near term, fossil-based production will remain less costly than renewable hydrogen in most parts of the world. Fossil price volatility can significantly reduce the cost gap during some periods, but this will not be enough to unlock FIDs and support policies will remain necessary for the near future.
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Serbia
In Serbia, the National Renewable Energy Action Plan set targets of renewable energy sources use until 2020, as well as the pathway to achieve them. Among other things, it enhances investments towards the development of renewables.
Data for Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004.- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Executive summary
…Every year since their adoption, the Breakthrough Agenda reports have outlined the conditions necessary to achieve the 2030 goals, assessed the state of international collaboration in high GHG-emitting sectors, and provided recommendations on actions to accelerate energy transitions. These annual recommendations help to outline collaborative efforts over the course of the year.Translating the Breakthrough Agenda goals into action requires a shared and measurable vision of success. While annual recommendations identify the near-term actions needed to reach those goals, this year we are suggesting “success statements” for each sector that provide additional insight on what it means to…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Norway
Norway has set ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and establishing a low-emissions society by 2050. As an energy-rich country, Norway is in a unique starting position with respect to the energy transition. An abundance of affordable hydropower has enabled the development of energy-intensive industries and a high level of electrification of homes and businesses with limited greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, as a major oil and gas producer and exporter, Norway will need to support an evolution of its energy sector amid the global energy transition. Altogether, Norway has the opportunity to lead…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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