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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in heavy-duty electric vehicles
…are driving the transition, like in Europe. In Mexico, close to 8% of all bus sales were electric in 2024, up from just above 1% in 2023. There has also been impressive growth in Colombia, Chile, Brazil, and other countries over the past few years. Another notable trend is the decline in the share of PHEVs among electric buses. In China, the share of PHEVs in total electric bus sales peaked in 2014 at around 60%, but fell to less than 1% in 2017 and close to 0% in 2024. Similarly, in the rest of the world, there was a…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Taking stock of the effect of war
…2022. These wider macroeconomic risks will undoubtedly affect hydrogen projects.The cost of reconstruction in the energy sector has been previously estimated at USD 68 billion (40% of 2024 GDP), a fraction of the nearly USD 0.5 trillion required for reconstruction. Public debt reached nearly 100% of GDP at the end of 2024, with 80% in foreign currency. Ukraine is expected to have a fiscal deficit until at least 2033, and external finance will be needed. Foreign grants and development finance may be a source of public support for hydrogen projects, but will face competing needs for restoration elsewhere in the energy system…
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Key issues affecting biogas and biomethane projects
…the global average methane emissions leakage rate for oil and gas production was around 1.2% in 2024. Several strategies exist for reducing methane emissions from biogas: best practices during production (e.g. reducing filling levels in the digester to avoid emergency pressure releases of gas), covered storage of digestate, combustion of off-gases during biomethane upgrading to capture biogenic CO2, and use of leak and repair programmes to resolve issues quickly. Frameworks setting maximum GHG emissions intensities for biogases and fuels – such as the EU's Renewable Energy Directive (RED) and California's Low-Carbon Fuel Standards (LCFS) – are…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for solid fuels
Recent developments have dealt a blow to the idea that global coal demand might soon subside. The drop in coal demand in 2020 was more than offset by a strong rebound in 2021, taking it very close to its all-time high. In advanced economies, where coal use had been declining, demand increased by nearly 10%. In emerging market and developing economies, which account for just over 80% of global coal use today, demand rose by 5%.Coal production in 2021 struggled to keep pace with one of the largest ever annual increases in demand. Markets have been further upended…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Executive summary
…but come at significant fiscal cost – especially when untargeted – and complicate market adjustments to the disruption. Fossil fuel subsidies in the region were around USD 40 billion prior to the crisis and are set to rise sharply in 2026. Looking further ahead, without structural change, the region’s energy import bill could rise sharply from over USD 80 billion in 2024 to around USD 245 billion by 2035, further increasing exposure to global price volatility. By contrast, if the region were to reach its announced climate pledges, the fossil fuel import bill in 2035 would be around half this level…
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Italy 2024 International collaborations - G7
IEA Contributions to the G7 For Italy’s Presidency of the G7 in 2024, the IEA produced a wide range of analysis and recommendations that allow the G7 to deliver a strong commitment to the implementation of the COP28 energy outcomes, part of what is known as the UAE Consensus. The IEA advice helps the G7 to design actions in support of global targets on tripling renewable energy capacity, doubling the annual rate of energy efficiency improvement and tr...
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Executive summary
…and the geography of global car sales shifts. Global car sales approached 80 million in 2024 and have largely bounced back from their pandemic-related slump. Recent growth has been exclusively driven by sales of electric and hybrid cars, which made up around 30% of total car sales in 2024, while global sales of pure internal combustion engine (ICE) cars peaked in 2017 and have since fallen by 30%. By contrast, electric car sales grew more than 14-fold over the same period, reaching over one-fifth of cars sold globally in 2024. The geography of car markets is also on…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case studies
China’s outbound energy engagement spans a wide range of technologies, financing structures and institutional actors. While aggregate trends reveal a system that is becoming more diversified, risk-sensitive and commercially oriented, the specific pathways through which Chinese capital supports energy transitions in EMDE become clearer when examined at the project level.The following case studies illustrate this diversity in practice, from large-scale renewable deployment and grid modernisation to industrial decarbonisation, equity participation in regional infrastructure platforms and upstream resource development. Together, they show how different parts of China’s official financing system interact with local conditions, how technical…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Africa
Hydrogen use in Africa reached 3.1 Mt in 2024, about 3% of the global total. Hydrogen production accounted for about 6% of the region’s gas demand and 2% of regional CO2 emissions. Hydrogen use is concentrated in 6 countries (out of 54), with Egypt representing nearly half, followed by Algeria (20%), Nigeria (17%), South Africa (5%), Libya (5%) and Equatorial Guinea (3%). Ammonia production accounted for nearly three-quarters of hydrogen demand.Today, only 6 kt of low-emissions hydrogen are produced in Africa, exclusively from renewables. The hydrogen project pipeline to 2030 has 31 projects, which could allow increasing…
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History of the IEA Mission
From oil security to steering the world toward secure and sustainable energy transitions At the heart of the global dialogue on energy security and clean energy transitions, the International Energy Agency is the world’s leading energy authority. We provide reliable and comprehensive data, analysis, and policy recommendations with the goal of shaping a secure, sustainable and affordable energy future for all while meeting the climate change o...