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Pledges to Progress 2025 Executive summary
…ambitions to achieve net zero operational emissions by 2050. As global methane and flaring emissions continue to rise, these ambitions are more important than ever to reduce energy waste and mitigate the harmful consequences of climate change.To support accountability and transparency, the International Energy Agency (IEA), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO) and the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) set out a framework of 25 metrics to assess and track the efforts reported by the oil and gas industry to achieve the goals set out in the OGDC. The framework is detailed in the 2024 report…
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Bahrain
Bahrain's energy supply comes largely from the exploitation of its domestic fossil fuels resources. The country is also a major producer and exporter of oil, petroleum products and natural gas.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
![Bahrain Flag]()
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in electric car affordability
…intensifying market competition and carmakers reaching economies of scale. In 2024, despite the global average battery size growing slightly, the global average battery pack price fell more than 25% compared with 2023 levels. This resulted in a global drop in electric car manufacturing costs that was reflected in the price of electric cars. However, the trend towards falling prices has been uneven across markets, due to differences in carmakers’ pricing strategies, and in market maturity and the level of competition. For example, in China, the sales-weighted average (hereafter, “average”) price of a battery electric SUV fell almost 10% year…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Building
…CO2 emissions trends have been fairly stable since 2018.Efficiency gains in buildings are improving energy use, but rising ownership of appliances and extreme weather increasingly offset these benefits.Emissions intensity of steel and cement is largely the same as 2020, while global construction activity has slowed in recent years. Cost Investment in building energy efficiency has risen over the past decade, but growth is now stalling, while spending on electrification grows steadily.High-efficiency building envelopes often entail higher upfront costs, constraining uptake in markets without dedicated financial support mechanisms.Strengthening the business case requires better recognition of high…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production highlights
…remain more costly than unabated fossil-based production in the near term, with cost projections for electrolysers being less optimistic than in previous years due to the limited deployment achieved to date. However, this cost gap is still expected to narrow by 2030, with China reaching cost competitiveness thanks to low technology costs and a low cost of capital, and other regions reducing the cost gap significantly due to the combination of high cost of imported natural gas, good renewable resources and policy action in the form of CO2 prices (e.g. Europe, Latin America) .China leads on electrolyser manufacturing…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Oil
…75 mb/d of growth. The increase in both years was in line with IEA projections. The 2025 increase fell well short of the 2010-19 average annual rise of 1.4 mb/d, offering further evidence of a structural deceleration in oil markets.This slowdown mainly reflected weaker growth in petrochemical feedstock use. Demand for naphtha, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and ethane – the major raw materials for plastics consumption – lagged most clearly in the second quarter of 2025 as trade turmoil weighed on international trade and disrupted key US exports to Chinese chemical plants. The full-year increase of…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Singapore
…for local gas use is being created, including secondary markets for gas consumers, and third party access to facilities such as gas storage is under development. These moves put Singapore ahead of most countries in the Asia-Pacific region and in a good position for a hub-style market to develop.
Singapore’s energy policies have also set strong objectives to 2030, including improving the country’s energy efficiency by 36% from 2005 level. Among other measures in support of this target, Singapore introduced energy efficiency standards and labelling for lamps in 2015. The government also plans to increase solar…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Electrolysers
Country and regional highlights
Progress is spread across different continents, from China, which leads on installed capacity, to the European Union, which have adopted important policies, and other regions like India and the Middle East moving forward with a small number of large-scale projects
Technology deployment
Global installed electrolyser capacity reached 1.4 GW at the end of 2023, almost double the one at the end of 2022
Technology manufacturing
Innovation
Policy
Investment
Acknowledgements
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Global Energy and Climate Model Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
The 2025 edition of the World Energy Outlook (WEO) does not include the Announced Pledges Scenario. Our assessment of the new round of NDCs due this year, generally the period to 2035, will follow once there is a more complete picture of these pledges.The Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), introduced in 2021, illustrates the extent to which announced ambitions and targets can deliver the emissions reductions needed to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. In the WEO-2024, the APS includes all recent major national announcements as of the end of August 2024, both 2030 targets and longer-term net zero…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Hydrogen
…years.However, the increase in global production (which neared 100 Mt in 2024) has kept the global average emissions intensity of hydrogen production almost constant over the past 5 years. Costs Renewable and low-carbon hydrogen remains more expensive than hydrogen from unabated fossil fuels.The cost gap has increased recently due to slower-than-expected deployment, inflation and the fall in fossil fuel prices.Electrolyser capital cost is expected to decrease through scale-up, innovation and improved manufacturing, but cost declines will depend on the pace of deployment Deployment Renewable and low-carbon hydrogen reached 0.8 Mt in 2024, making…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
