-
Renewables 2022 Transport biofuels
…Finland high fuel prices prompted the government to temporarily lower its renewable distribution obligation for 2022/23. Sweden froze 2023 greenhouse gas targets for transport fuels at 2022 levels. However, 2030 targets remain unchanged. Robust growth over the next five years will help meet climate and energy security goals Total global biofuel demand expands by 35 000 MLPY or 20% over 2022-2027 in the main-case forecast. Growth in renewable diesel and biojet fuel consumption is almost entirely in advanced economies. Here, policies designed to reduce GHG emissions are driving demand because these fuels can be produced with low…
-
Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Policy response to the crisis
…before the emergence of the 2022-2023 crisis.Over more than a decade, the European Union rolled out successive regulatory packages that introduced the fundamental principles of unbundling of energy infrastructure from production and supply activities and of third-party access to importing and transmission infrastructure. Under these rules, cross-border trade in natural gas flourished with the standardisation of capacity bookings and the deepening of liquidity at trading hubs across the continent. Additionally, EU policy and regulation emphasised the importance of adequate infrastructure and its efficient use. These measures supported continued investment in interconnections with financial support and accelerated…
-
Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Executive summary
…output, which represents a potential new application for hydrogen, has dropped by almost two-thirds.Massive capital mobilisation is needed for reconstruction, but there is also a lot of bilateral support flowing to Ukraine. The cost of reconstruction was estimated to have reached USD 524 billion by December 2024. Transport infrastructure is estimated to require nearly USD 78 billion, industry and commerce another USD 64 billion, and core energy assets USD 68 billion. At the same time, by December 2024, nearly USD 430 billion of bilateral support had been committed for Ukraine, two-thirds of which has already been allocated. About half is for purposes other than humanitarian or military…
-
Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Policy recommendations and milestones
…Critical Measures: These are high-priority actions essential for achieving energy and transport policy goals. They require immediate implementation and will have the greatest impact on emissions reduction, infrastructure development and regulatory frameworks.Important Measures: While not as urgent, these actions are necessary for long- term success. They complement critical measures by supporting institutional reforms, fostering technological innovation and strengthening financial mechanisms for sustainable transport.Complementary Measures: These are additional initiatives that enhance and refine the transition process. They may not be essential on their own, but they increase efficiency and enhance the impact of the other measures.This categorisation…
-
China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Setting the scene
…up to 2010 as part of broader economic and industrial strategies, with the China Development Bank (CDB) and the Export–Import Bank of China (CEXIM) emerging as two of the world’s largest DFIs. The launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013 further accelerated this outward push, formalising China’s ambition to strengthen cross-border infrastructure, energy access and economic ties. While China is not a traditional donor represented in fora such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD’s) development assistance committee, its official-sector institutions have become highly active abroad, particular...
-
Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Progress summary dashboard
Production Electrolysers Policies Investment
-
World Energy Investment 2025 Middle East
The Middle East is rich in a wide range of energy resources, which it is looking to develop with a mix of foreign and domestic sources of investment The Middle East holds some of the lowest-cost oil and gas resources in the world, and in 2024 provided around 30% of global oil production and 17% of global natural gas production. Saudi Arabia’s upstream oil and gas investment is the highest in the region, and is set to reach about USD 40 billion in 2025, nearly 15% higher than in 2015. Overall, the Middle East is set to invest about USD 130 billion…
-
Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Key findings
Biogases are a hidden solution to many of today’s energy security and sustainability challenges. They turn waste into sustainable, low-emissions fuels. The attraction of biogases lies in the integration of energy, environment, waste and emissions policies and targets. Biogas can be used directly as heat by households and industry, and to produce electricity. Biomethane, which is an upgraded form of biogas, is a locally sourced, drop-in substitute for natural gas. This report assesses the global potential and costs of developing biogas and biomethane using a first-of-a-kind geospatial analysis. It provides detailed country- and region…
-
Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Energy in Southeast Asia
…Modern bioenergy, hydropower and geothermal remain dominant, accounting for over 95% of total renewable energy supply in 2024. Oil demand has continued to rise on average by 1.5% per year since 2015 to 5 mb/d today, while natural gas remains an important fuel for power generation and industry. At the same time, declining regional oil output and tightening gas balances are increasing the region’s reliance on imports, heightening vulnerability to international price shocks and supply disruptions. Industry, transport and buildings shape the region’s energy demand profile. Industry is the largest end-use sector, accounting for around…
-
World Energy Investment 2025 Southeast Asia
…phase-out of coal-fired power plants with transition finance. Southeast Asia is playing a growing role in clean energy manufacturing supply chains. In 2023 Viet Nam, Thailand and Malaysia were the world’s largest solar PV manufacturers after China. Further, the region holds rich reserves of critical minerals. Indonesia produces more than 60% of the world’s nickel, attracting over USD 50 billion of investment in greenfield mining between 2014 and 2023, over 90% of the global total. Chinese investment is driving Indonesia’s nickel refinery sector, amounting to USD 30 billion in 2024, and Chinese companies account for around 75% of refining…