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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Accelerating sustainable transport
…a rapidly changing energy landscape and mounting environmental pressures, Armenia faces both an urgent challenge and an opportunity to reshape its transport system. As it seeks to balance the twin goals of enhanced energy security and reduced dependence on imported fossil fuels, Armenia has made the transition to sustainable transport a top priority.This chapter lays out a forward-looking framework designed to accelerate Armenia’s shift to an efficient, low-carbon and resilient transport system. Drawing on international best practices, the recommendations focus on three interconnected priorities: electrifying the road transport fleet, boosting overall transport system efficiency and expanding…
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Rare Earth Elements
…energy technologies and advanced electronics to aerospace and defence systems, combined with their highly concentrated supply chains, has elevated their importance in both energy and broader economic security discussions in recent years. This report assesses the current state of the rare earth elements market, examining demand and supply dynamics and key technological developments. It analyses the full value chain from mining to permanent magnet production, evaluates vulnerabilities across supply chains, and highlights the implications of potential supply disruptions. Based on these analyses, the report outlines eight targeted policy recommendations that can pave the way for more secure, diversified and resilient…
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IEA Ministerial Meeting underscores Agency’s central role in tackling global energy challenges
…how essential energy is to our daily lives – it is the invisible driving force behind everything we do. Under the umbrella of knowledge of the International Energy Agency, we have once again seen that international cooperation is key,” said Deputy Prime Minister Sophie Hermans of the Netherlands, who chaired the Ministerial. “Our priority is clear: secure, affordable and sustainable energy – and resilient systems that can endure in an uncertain world."“This Ministerial Meeting, our largest ever, affirmed the immense value of the IEA at a moment when global energy demand is rising and the challenges facing the energy system are…
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Growth of IEA Family is milestone for global energy governance
…in international energy governance – and to expanded cooperation on critical minerals through the IEA’s Critical Minerals Security Programme https://www.iea.org/programmes/critical-minerals-security-programme.
“Under the umbrella of knowledge of the International Energy Agency, we have once again seen that international cooperation is key,” said Deputy Prime Minister Sophie Hermans of the Netherlands, who chaired the Ministerial. “Our priority is clear: secure, affordable and sustainable energy – and resilient systems that can endure in an uncertain world."
“This Ministerial Meeting, our largest ever, affirmed the immense value of the IEA at a moment when global energy demand…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Energy outlook to 2050 based on today’s policy settings
…led by cooling. Air conditioner stocks are set to triple by 2035 as incomes rise, cities expand and temperatures increase. Stronger minimum energy performance standards and better building codes could significantly reduce future cooling demand while improving affordability and resilience to heatwaves.Electricity demand more than doubles to 2050, requiring a rapid expansion and modernisation of power systems. Growth is driven mainly by buildings and industry, while data centres add a new source of highly localised demand: Southeast Asia already accounts for around 10% of data centre electricity demand in the Asia Pacific region. Coal remains the largest single source…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Implications of CPS and STEPS
…Both scenarios show a more complex electricity system in which the increasing use of electricity underlines the vital and growing importance of electricity security. A new IEA dataset shows that extreme weather events caused operational disruptions to critical energy infrastructure and power outages to 210 million households in 2023. Extreme temperatures driving up peak demand could lead to a loss of two-thirds of planning reserve margins in the worst affected regions, underlining the need for increased climate resilience planning and implementation. High levels of emissions point towards a temperature rise above pre-industrial levels of 2.9 °C in the CPS…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Conclusion and lessons learned
Market environment is structurally and geopolitically more fragile One of the primary and most fundamental consequences of the energy crisis is the shift into a structurally more fragile natural gas market environment, compounded by geopolitical uncertainty. The drastic reduction in Russian pipeline flows to Europe also represented a loss of traded gas volumes in the global market. Concurrently, this drove an equally significant reduction in the availability of swing production capacity that had previously provided a degree of price-responsive supply modulation to both the European and global markets. In turn, this led to an increased reliance on LNG trade…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Policy response to the crisis
…pipeline interconnection points between member states.The European Union’s gas market design – the product of a long-term and concerted regulatory effort – acted as the foundation for the continent’s resilience in managing the 2022-2023 gas supply shock, providing predictability in market functioning, as well as a structure on which to implement further policy tools. Furthermore, the EU regulation setting up a system of crisis management and information exchange around security of gas supply as early as 2017 meant that dedicated communication channels were largely operational by the start of the 2022-2023 crisis.Most crisis-driven intervention…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Key questions about hydrogen
…long-term contracts, and help to diversify energy sources and trading partners. Hydrogen can also improve the resilience of the system by providing additional assets that could be used to satisfy energy demand during supply disruptions.Hydrogen can be used in multiple applications, which allows governments to adapt its use to their national contexts. In addition, the multiple conversion steps in the hydrogen supply chain mean there is additional flexibility in the degree of domestic production for each of these steps. Nevertheless, the use of hydrogen to enhance energy security also introduces a trade-off with cost, since low-emissions…
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Middle East crisis exposes vulnerabilities in global hydrogen supply chains as low-emissions alternatives struggle to ramp up
…infrastructure continue to slow the development of low-emissions hydrogen, putting 2030 targets announced by governments increasingly out of reach."The current crisis has highlighted how deeply economies around the world depend on trade in hydrogen-based products – from fertilisers to fuels and industrial feedstocks – and the significant role of the Middle East in those supply chains," said IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol. "Countries are looking for ways to make their energy systems more resilient and diversified. Low-emissions hydrogen can play an important role in those efforts over time, but stronger policy support and much faster deployment will be…
