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Indonesia
Indonesia’s imports of oil have rapidly increased in recent years. This resource-rich nation is the world’s fourth-largest producer of coal and Southeast Asia’s biggest gas supplier. The country is the largest producer of biofuels worldwide and it is scaling up efforts to exploit its renewable energy potential. Indonesia's importance is underscored by its sizeable population of 250 million people – the fourth-largest in the world – and its significant role as a major producer and consumer of energy in regional and international markets. Indonesia is also the largest economy in ASEAN and an active member…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Belarus
Energy policy in Belarus focuses on providing reliable energy while reducing import–dependence, particularly on natural gas from a single supplier. The government is contemplating attractive investment measures and fuel diversification to reduce natural gas consumption and include more coal and renewables into the country's energy mix, while developing local energy sources and introducing nuclear power.
Belarus has also prioritized improving energy efficiency in electricity and heat production and is phasing out subsidies for electricity, heat and gas, which is expected to make the energy sector more market-focused and investor-friendly. Belarus is part of the EU4Energy Programme…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Financing the Modernisation of Power Systems Beyond Coal
…Rapid electricity demand growth, alongside coal’s role in system adequacy, reliability and energy security, complicates efforts to accelerate coal transitions. Recent volatility in international gas markets has reinforced the short‑term economic and security value of existing coal assets, adding complexity to national transition strategies. The region’s young coal fleet also implies substantial long‑term emissions if plants continue operating at current utilisation rates.Against this backdrop, new approaches are being explored to support coal transitions while maintaining secure and reliable power systems. This report examines the potential role of transition credits as a market‑based instrument to support coal transitions…
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Policies
…requiring coal mine operators to capture gas that has a methane concentration of 8% or higher and a flow rate of 10 m³/min or more. This gas must be utilised or stored in gas tanks. If the gas cannot be utilised or stored, it must be destroyed. Brazil issued guidelines through its National Energy Policy Council that promote the decarbonisation of oil and gas activities, including minimising flaring and eliminating routine flaring. The guidelines also call for measures to reduce methane leaks from oil and gas operations.Kazakhstan is developing regulations to reduce methane emissions from the fossil fuel sector…
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Global Methane Tracker 2025
…and rapid and sustained reductions in methane emissions are key to limiting near-term global warming and improving air quality. The energy sector – including oil, natural gas, coal and bioenergy – accounts for more than 35% of methane emissions from human activity and has some of the best opportunities to cut these emissions. The annually updated Global Methane Tracker is an essential tool for raising awareness about methane emissions across the energy sector and the opportunities to bring them down.The Tracker presents our latest sector-wide emissions estimates – based on the most recent data from satellites and measurement campaigns – and…
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Accelerating Renewables Growth in ASEAN
Challenges and policy suggestions Eight of the 11 member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have adopted net zero emissions targets, and recent national energy plans outline substantially higher ambitions for renewable capacity. Achieving these goals will require timely, sustained and strongly co-ordinated policy action to unlock the scale of renewable energy deployment needed by 2030 and beyond.This report examines the key challenges hindering a faster capacity deployment of renewable power in ASEAN and outlines potential policy solutions informed by successful international experience. It also provides an assessment of renewable-energy auction design options, an…
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Biogas and biomethane outlook to 2050
…In emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs), fuel switching from oil accounts for roughly 40% of biomethane demand growth to 2035, followed by coal displacement in the power sector (33%) and natural gas displacement in buildings (9%). Geographies of demand change significantly in both the STEPS and APS. While Europe and North America currently make up just under 60% of demand for biogases, EMDEs constitute the new majority by 2035 in the STEPs. This is driven by China, which accounts for 40% of the global production increase in that period. Demand roughly triples in Brazil and India as well…
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Electricity
…the regulation of plant emissions can encourage coal-to-gas switching and provide an important long-term investment signal for low-emission technologies.
Shift policy to competitive auctions
Auctions for the centralised competitive procurement of renewables have become increasingly widespread in recent years and have been instrumental in discovering renewable energy prices and containing policy costs in many countries, especially for solar PV and wind. The success of such policies in achieving deployment and development objectives relies on their design and consequent ability to attract investment and competition.
Adapt market designs and policies to support variable renewables and increase…
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Italy
…energy consumption and 55% of renewables in electricity generation. The country has experienced notable growth in the renewable energy sector and has successfully integrated large volumes of variable renewable generation. Natural gas is a major source for electricity and heating, therefore Italy has strengthened its energy security by diversifying natural gas supply, making use of the pipeline and LNG infrastructure that it has built up over the last decade. Reducing overall demand for natural gas through an accelerated shift to alternative energy sources and a stronger focus on energy efficiency, especially in buildings, will not only further strengthen energy security…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Demand and Supply Measures for the Steel and Cement Transition
…materials. It makes the case for why both demand-side and supply-side measures are important to kick-start markets for near-zero emissions materials, summarising progress to date and highlighting gaps that rationalise government action. Key policy options are outlined, illustrating the variety of measures available to governments as they implement strategies tailored to their particular circumstances. The value of international coordination on such measures is discussed, and an initial illustrative proposal is elaborated for those governments that may wish to consider coming together around a collective pledge for scaling up the market share of near-zero emissions materials…
