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Rare Earth Elements Executive summary
…geological deposits to refined products and permanent magnets. These stages include extraction, beneficiation, chemical upgrading, separation into oxides, metal refining, alloying and magnet manufacturing. After extraction, ores are crushed and milled to liberate minerals, which are then concentrated. Separation – the technical core of processing – converts mixed rare earth feeds into individual oxides. Refined oxides are then transformed into metals, and then into alloy powders, the primary inputs for magnet production.Among the strategic minerals analysed by the International Energy Agency (IEA), rare earths exhibit one of the highest levels of geographical concentrations across the value chain. In 2024, the Pe...
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Austria 2026 Executive summary
…are under pressure. Austria’s industries – which contributed 22% of gross domestic product (GDP) and employed 26% of the workforce in 2024 – face challenges from high energy prices, competitive pressures and the need to decarbonise. In response to the energy crisis in 2021-2022, the government introduced tax relief, direct grants and targeted support measures for industry and households, including measures to promote energy efficiency and electrification. Many of these measures have been recently scaled back or cancelled. The Electricity Market Act (ElWG) adopted in December 2025 is overhauling electricity market design in a bid to reduce energy costs, improve system…
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Delivering Sustainable Fuels Executive summary
…multiple benefits for the energy sector. They complement electrification and energy efficiency in energy transitions, and they are particularly important for sectors that continue to be reliant on fuel-based solutions such as aviation, shipping, and parts of road transport and industry. Sustainable fuels can also enhance energy security, stimulate economic development and strengthen environmental sustainability.Greater use of sustainable fuels can bolster energy security by diversifying fuel supply and reducing fossil-fuel import dependence. Sustainable fuels can be produced from domestic resources in many countries, reducing exposure to volatile international oil and gas markets and supply risks. In 2024…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Power
…in more regions and supporting the deployment of nuclear power can unlock greater emissions reductions.Quantitative indicator for successInstalled regional capacity and generation share of low-emissions power generation.Qualitative examples of collaborationIn 2025, the Energy Transition Council expanded its support to Latin America to help countries in the region deliver ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), in addition to continued support for the COP 28 Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge.At the G20 Summit in Brazil in 2024, more than a dozen countries launched the Global Clean Power Alliance (GCPA) to speed up the deployment of low-emissions power generation…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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Energy and AI AI and climate change
The emergence of AI has both raised concerns that AI-fuelled data centre growth might fuel climate change and also raised expectations that AI applications in the energy sector could help reduce emissions by unlocking new optimisations and efficiencies. As over 100 countries – and the European Union – have targets to reach net zero emissions between 2030 and 2070, it is pertinent to explore what AI’s impact on emissions could potentially be. Global fuel combustion CO2 emissions are estimated to reach 35 000 million tonnes (Mt) in 2024. Data centres account for around 180 Mt of indirect CO2 emissions today from the consumption…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Net Zero Emissions by 2050
…fuels – are widely deployed: their use more than quadruples by 2035 from current levels. Methane emissions are cut by more than 80% by 2035. Global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were 38 gigatonnes (Gt) in 2024. In the NZE Scenario, emissions fall by nearly 55% by 2035 to around 18 Gt. Yet, the increase in long-term global average temperature exceeds 1.5 °C around 2030 and peaks at around 1.65 °C about 2050. The NZE Scenario achieves the COP28 goals of doubling efficiency and tripling renewables capacity by 2030, and it meets the Paris Agreement goal of holding warming well below 2 °C…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Status and key indicators
…body. It defines statistical methodologies, conducts national surveys and collects and processes data for Moldova’s energy balance, which are shared with the International Energy Agency and Eurostat. The National Agency for Research and Development (NARD) oversees research and innovation policies, including European Union research programmes such as Horizon Europe. NARD supports energy-related initiatives by funding projects, fostering partnerships and promoting international collaboration to advance energy research and technology. Energy strategy and objectives Moldova passed legally binding legislation in April 2024 that commits the country to achieving net zero emissions by 2050. In addition to setting this target, Law…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Current Policies Scenario
Expanding the world we know Total final consumption rises in the Current Policies Scenario (CPS) by around 1.3% each year over the next decade, similar to the average annual increase over the last decade: global industrial output, appliance ownership and demands for mobility all increase, while energy efficiency gains are modest. Demand for oil rises to 113 million barrels per day by 2050, mainly due to its increased use in emerging market and developing economies for road transport, petrochemical feedstocks, and aviation. Electric vehicle (EV) uptake stalls in regions lacking strong policy support: China and Europe are the main exceptions…
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Road
More stringent and broader coverage of fuel efficiency standards for light-duty vehicles is needed
For cars and vans, increasing fuel efficiency standards is important as even in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, nearly 80% of cars and vans on the road in 2030 are still powered with internal combustion engines. Sales of heavier, less efficient SUVs reached around 46% of global sales in 2022, while electric vehicles were just 14% of sales. More and more countries are formulating vehicle efficiency standards and some are even putting in place zero-emission vehicle sales requirements. To be in line…
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Hydrogen
Low-emissions hydrogen projects are set to grow strongly despite wave of cancellations and persistent challenges
Worldwide hydrogen demand increased to almost 100 million tonnes in 2024, up 2% from 2023 and in line with overall energy demand growth. The vast majority of this was met by hydrogen produced from fossil fuels without measures in place to capture associated emissions. Sectors that have traditionally used hydrogen, such as oil refining and industry, remained the biggest consumers.
The uptake of low-emissions hydrogen is not yet meeting the expectations set by industry and governments in recent years, especially in light of…