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World Energy Outlook 2025 Net Zero Emissions by 2050
…capacity of renewables increases nearly fourfold from today’s level by 2035 in the NZE Scenario: nuclear and other low-emissions technologies increasingly contribute as electricity demand grows to account for one-third of all energy consumption. Energy efficiency increases by about 4% per year by 2035, double the rate of 2022. Sustainable fuels – including liquid biofuels, biogases, low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels – are widely deployed: their use more than quadruples by 2035 from current levels. Methane emissions are cut by more than 80% by 2035. Global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were 38 gigatonnes (Gt) in 2024…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Southeast Asia’s energy challenges and emerging opportunities
…and gas resources where geologically and economically viable, and enhancing the resilience of oil supply through diversification and refinery system flexibility also contribute region’s resilient energy system. Some countries turn to coal when gas prices spike, but coal use entails broader risks, including CO₂ emissions and air pollution, which contributed to an estimated 330 000 premature deaths in 2024. Measures implemented as of 7 May 2026. FX = foreign exchange. CB = central bank. Interest in nuclear power is growing as Southeast Asian countries look for firm, low-emissions electricity to meet rising demand and diversify power systems. Indonesia…
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South Africa
Coal is the mainstay of the South African energy system, meeting around 70% of installed power generation capacity. The 2019 Integrated Resource Plan however sets out a long-term diversification of the power mix by 2030 and moves towards lightening the carbon footprint of the energy sector while meeting growing energy demand and ensuring a socio-economically just transition. While the options to diversify the country's electricity mix appear diverse, the affordability of electricity supply looms as a key concern and a potential constraint on diversification. The structure of consumption and of spending on electricity is skewed towards higher…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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Designing an effective strategic stockpiling system for critical minerals
…2025, these risks became a reality, marking a major turning point for global economic security. The rare earths export controls announced by China in October 2025 posed major national and economic security risks across the world, with potentially severe impacts for a range of strategic sectors including energy, automotive, defence, aerospace, AI and semiconductors. Earlier export controls introduced in April had already resulted in some automotive factories around the world being forced to cut utilisation rates or even temporarily shut down.Beyond rare earths, export controls have also been imposed on a range of strategic minerals including gallium, germanium, graphite…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production highlights
…this stage in 2024 remained at the same level as in 2023. Persisting technical and regulatory barriers, financial obstacles and challenges in securing reliable offtake, in particular, continue to delay and occasionally completely stall project progress.Despite announced delays and cancellations, low-emissions hydrogen production is expected to increase significantly by 2030. Based only on projects that are operational, have already reached FID or are under construction, low-emissions hydrogen production can reach more than 4 Mtpa by 2030.For the first time, this report systematically assesses the likelihood of announced projects going ahead by 2030. This analysis suggests that 10 Mt…
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Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency for Business Operational benefits
…seen in industrial processes. In food processing, for example, a high-efficiency centrifugal compressor has been shown to reduce energy consumption by more than 40% while cutting maintenance costs by 85%. Similarly, the use of variable speed drive (VSD) motors in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems under high-temperature conditions in a plant in Saudi Arabia reduced energy consumption by 30% and maintenance costs by 20%.Cross-sector analysis shows these patterns are consistent across a wide range of technologies, from heat pumps and industrial motors to electric vehicles. Resource efficiency can amplify energy savings, almost doubling sav...
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Indicators Handbook for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions
Global Commission on People-Centred Clean Energy Transitions: Designing for Fairness The Indicators Handbook is based on the voluntary G20 Principles for Just and Inclusive Transitions, endorsed by G20 leaders in November 2024. The principles, which reflect varying perspectives, contexts and experiences, form a framework for approaching transitions that maximises benefits and mitigates the risk of unintended consequences. Designed as a technical resource, the Indicators Handbook provides guidance for governments and other stakeholders on identifying relevant indicators as a first step towards tracking policy design and implementation in line with the G20 Principles for Just and Inclusive Transitions. The Handbook…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Present and future prospects of electric car manufacturing
Highlights New market-entrants focusing on electric car production are expanding rapidly. Pure-play electric car makers, especially those from China and US-based Tesla, are capturing a growing share of sales; some 45% of global electric car sales in 2024 are from pure-play electric car makers, compared to 35% in 2019. The growth in electric car sales affects both car makers and automotive suppliers, especially those producing powertrains and related components. The automotive supplier market is worth about USD 1.3 trillion, equivalent to over 40% of the global car market. For all components except batteries, companies from…
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Delivering Sustainable Fuels Executive summary
…Sustainable fuels can also enhance energy security, stimulate economic development and strengthen environmental sustainability.Greater use of sustainable fuels can bolster energy security by diversifying fuel supply and reducing fossil-fuel import dependence. Sustainable fuels can be produced from domestic resources in many countries, reducing exposure to volatile international oil and gas markets and supply risks. In 2024, liquid biofuels lowered transport fuel import dependence by 5-15 percentage points in relevant importing countries, and global oil demand was around 2.5 million barrels per day lower than it would have been without their contribution.Sustainable fuels can be a…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for gaseous fuels
…midst of a global energy crisis, fundamental questions are now being asked about natural gas: how can supply be assured, now and in the future, and at what price?The depth and intensity of today’s crisis have led to concerns about the future cost and availability of natural gas which have damaged confidence in its reliability and put a major dent in the idea of it serving as a transition fuel. As a result, the era of rapid global growth in natural gas demand is drawing to a close. In the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), demand rises by less…
