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World Energy Outlook 2025 Setting the scene
…CO2) emissions reached another all-time high. The energy sector faces many uncertainties. The global economy is projected to grow at an average rate of 3% in the 2024-2030 period, but changes in the global policy environment and trade outlook could lead to different outcomes. In parallel, a drift towards greater fragmentation and increased geopolitical rivalry could have major implications for energy-related trade flows. These uncertainties underscore the value of supply diversification and resilient supply chains, notably for critical minerals. Energy policies continue to evolve. The United States enhanced its backing for domestic fossil fuels and nuclear energy…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Stated Policies Scenario
…exploratory scenario, designed to reflect the prevailing direction of travel for the energy system based on a detailed reading of country-specific energy, climate and related industrial policies that have been adopted or put forward, even if not yet codified in law. It reflects the state of technology and market conditions but does not include aspirational goals. Total final consumption grows 1% annually to 2035 in the STEPS, with India and other emerging market and developing economies leading demand growth. It increases more slowly than in the past decade as efficiency gains accelerate to 2.2% per year, driven by…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production highlights
Highlights Hydrogen production reached almost 100 Mt in 2024, but less than 1% was based on low-emissions hydrogen technologies. Based on announced projects, low-emissions hydrogen could reach 37 Mtpa by 2030, a reduction from the 49 Mtpa estimated in the Global Hydrogen Review 2024 (GHR-24).More projects are reaching final investment decision (FID), although the total production capacity reaching this stage in 2024 remained at the same level as in 2023. Persisting technical and regulatory barriers, financial obstacles and challenges in securing reliable offtake, in particular, continue to delay and occasionally completely stall project progress.Despite announced delays and cancellations…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Overview and key findings
…by 2100, whereas lower levels of emissions in the STEPS keep this to around 2.5 °C, slightly higher than the 2024 version of the STEPS. In the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE Scenario), warming peaks around 2050 at about 1.65 °C and declines slowly after that, largely due to active measures to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. The resilience of energy infrastructure in the face of extreme weather and other hazards is becoming more critical. Electricity plays a growing role in meeting energy service demand in all scenarios, supplied with rising shares of generation from renewables. Peak…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Energy outlook to 2050 based on targets and pledges
…reduced coal-fired power generation and faster renewables deployment. Oil demand peaks in the early 2030s and falls to around 3.9 mb/d by 2050 as transport electrification and efficiency gains accelerate. Natural gas demand peaks at around 205 bcm around 2030 before declining to about 110 bcm by 2050, as low-emissions alternatives expand across power, industry and end uses. Rapid electrification reshapes final energy consumption and reduces import exposure. Total final consumption reaches 26 EJ by 2035 in the APS, compared with 28 EJ in the STEPS, as stronger efficiency and electrification curb demand growth. By 2050…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 An updated roadmap to Net Zero Emissions by 2050
…CO2 emissions from the energy sector to 36.6 Gt in 2021. Recent investment in fossil fuel infrastructure not included in the 2021 Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario would result in 25 Gt of emissions if run to the end of its lifetime (around 5% of the remaining carbon budget for 1.5 °C). At the same time, 2021 also saw renewables-based electricity generation reach an all-time high, a record more than 500 terawatt-hours (TWh) above the level in 2020. Key findings In 2021, the IEA published its report Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector…
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The State of Energy Innovation 2025 Executive summary
…into the health of the energy innovation system can be gleaned from data on R&D spending (a gauge of the effort directed to key challenges), patenting (a first-order indicator of R&D outputs), venture capital (VC) fundraising (a sign of the expected market value of new technologies), new product launches and competitiveness. Spending on energy innovation has widespread pay-offs Public and corporate energy R&D spending have risen in recent years, at around 6% per year in real terms. The latest available data indicate that direct government spending on energy R&D globally grew again in 2024…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for energy demand
…Renewables, notably solar PV and wind, gain the most ground of any energy source this decade, accounting for 43% of electricity generation worldwide in 2030, up from 28% today. Oil demand rises 0.8% per year to 2030, but peaks soon after at around 103 million barrels per day as electric vehicles (EVs) and efficiency gains undermine its prospects.The tone for accelerated clean energy development this decade in advanced economies is being set by new policy packages and government plans and targets, notably those set out in: Inflation Reduction Act (United States); RePowerEU plan and Fit for 55 package (European…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Climate pledges
…framework, with the vast majority setting new targets for 2035. In total, these submissions cover close to 75% of today’s energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.Some regions have not yet submitted, or have withdrawn, their updated commitments. In January 2025, the United States initiated the process of withdrawing from the Paris Agreement, effective from January 2026. The withdrawal implies the abandonment of the commitments made in April 2021 and December 2024, and this is reflected in the methodology and aggregate figures in this report. Countries accounting for around 85% and 45% of regional emissions in North Africa and the Middle East, respectively…
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Luxembourg 2026 Executive summary
…offer significant opportunities for regional co‑operation on cross-border electricity and hydrogen infrastructure.Luxembourg’s buildings sector trails other sectors in emissions reductions and would benefit from more targeted regulatory and financial levers to support the low‑carbon transition. Despite strong energy performance standards for new construction, nearly 90% of existing homes rely on fossil fuels for heating and renovation rates remain low. The buildings sector accounted for over 20% of national energy-related GHG emissions, while space heating in the residential sector alone accounted for 13% of emissions in 2024. Heat pump deployment is growing but from a small base…
