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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Conclusion and lessons learned
…today’s market, creating a situation of potentially concurrent needs, particularly in times of tight market conditions. The balancing of the global gas market during the crisis and the diversion of LNG flows from Asia to Europe is an example of this fundamental link and of the potentially zero-sum nature of competition for access to LNG between these two regions. In a market with fewer swing production options available and with an increased reliance on LNG to respond to supply imbalances, this reality is susceptible to re-emerging.While competition may be inevitable in a market system, concurrent necessities…
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has moved forward in the implementation of energy efficiency standards on key sectors and end-uses linked to their energy saving potential. These standards are focused on and the transport and building sectors. For example, new buildings are now required to be insulated.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Electricity 2026 Prices
Affordability and competitiveness take centre stage Average wholesale electricity prices in 2025 rose year-on-year in multiple regions and countries, including Europe and the United States, while others such as India and Australia saw lower prices compared to 2024. Looking at electricity prices for energy-intensive industries, significant variations across regions remain. EU electricity prices for energy‑intensive industries stayed elevated in 2025, again averaging over twice US levels and nearly 50% above those in China, similar to 2024, adding competitive pressure.At the same time, negative wholesale electricity prices became more common across many markets. Exceptions include the Nordic region…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Critical Mineral Traceability for Energy and Economic Security Executive summary
Risks to energy and economic security from high levels of concentration in critical mineral supply chains became a reality in 2025. All of the IEA’s six focus minerals – copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements – are set to see strong demand growth, driven by their central role in energy and strategic industrial applications. Yet diversification has lagged demand, with processing and refining remaining highly concentrated. Risks from concentration materialised in 2025 as new export controls threatened the supply of materials critical to strategic and economically important industries.Recent years have seen a proliferation of new policies and…
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Brazil 2025
Energy Policy Review Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Brazil and the IEA. It draws on the IEA’s extensive…
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Oil Market Report - October 2025
The IEA Oil Market Report (OMR) is one of the world's most authoritative and timely sources of data, forecasts and analysis on the global oil market – including detailed statistics and commentary on oil supply, demand, inventories, prices and refining activity, as well as oil trade for IEA and selected non-IEA countries. Highlights Global oil demand rose by 750 kb/d y-o-y in 3Q25, as petrochemical feedstocks led a rebound from 2Q25’s tariff-afflicted 420 kb/d pace. Still, oil use will remain subdued over the remainder of 2025 and in 2026, resulting in annual gains…
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Gaining an Edge Opportunities in efficiency markets
As market demand grows, the manufacturing of energy efficiency technologies represents a new opportunity Facing volatile energy prices, rising energy security risks and stricter regulations, all sectors are turning to energy efficiency technologies to reduce consumption and manage these growing challenges. At the same time, governments around the world committed at COP28 in Dubai in 2023 to work collectively to double the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements.These dynamics have triggered a strong increase in demand for energy efficiency technologies. For example, the market for electric vehicles (EVs) and batteries has grown nearly six-fold from 2020…
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Ultra-fast charging batteries
GEVO 2026 - Chapter 8 New power‑electronics materials, battery cell technologies and battery pack architectures are enabling more efficient, higher‑voltage – and therefore faster – charging systems. Advances in batteries and power electronics are improving EV performance Over the past decade, average EV battery pack energy density (Wh/kg) has increased by around 60%, while prices have fallen by roughly 75%. Moreover, in 2023, battery-related patents accounted for 40% of all energy-sector patents, suggesting that more developments are still to come. At the same time, new power‑electronics materials, battery cell technologies and battery pack architectures are enabling more efficient, higher‑voltage – and…
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Malaysia
In Malaysia, the share of gas in the power mix decreased from 67% in 2005 to 47% in 2015, led by policies to switch to coal in response to declining domestic gas production. The country holds a large share of Southeast Asia’s fossil fuel resources.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Policy and strategic actions
…as well as a source of revenue from ICE vehicle sales as electric car markets ramp up. However, there will also be new opportunities for countries with fast-growing car markets, low energy costs and access to critical minerals. In all cases, it will not be possible in the medium term to stay competitive in a dynamic global market without effective international partnerships.Decisions about the future of the car industry must be responsive to fast-evolving conditions, which is a challenge in a sector where it takes years from the initial design of a new car model to its…
