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Global EV Outlook 2026 Electric vehicle charging
…the People’s Republic of China (hereafter, “China”), one-third in Europe, and one in six in the United States.Home charging – whether in a driveway, garage or other dedicated parking space – is currently the preferred way to charge an electric car for those with the ability to do so, due to its relative affordability and convenience. This is expected to remain the case in the coming years.Access to home charging can vary, however, and is generally higher for electric vehicle (EV) owners living in houses rather than multi-unit residences. For example, in Norway, where a large share (64%…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Energy in Southeast Asia
…of its GDP. Energy use has risen sharply since 2015, supported by industrialisation, urbanisation, rising incomes and expanding mobility needs. This growth has helped underpin economic development and wider access to modern energy, but it has also increased exposure to global fuel markets and added to emissions. The current Middle East crisis has tested Southeast Asia’s energy security and affordability, exposing the limits of short-term responses. The region was heavily exposed to Middle Eastern supply, both through direct crude oil and gas imports and through refined product trade. Governments have responded with measures to curb demand, reduce taxes…
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Energy and AI AI and energy security
…Energy security is characterised by several elements that include, but are not limited to, first, reliable access to energy to meet an economy’s needs; second, the affordability of this energy with limited volatility in prices; and third, resilience against energy market shocks – or the ability of the energy system to quickly recover from them.A notable use case of AI towards the security of critical energy infrastructure is in places that are typically hard for humans to access. For example, the use of automated surveillance using unmanned maritime systems enabled by AI to secure critical undersea energy infrastructure. Similarly…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Outlook for clean cooking in Africa
…followed by West, East and then Central Africa.The ACCESS uses new geospatial analysis to assess the availability and affordability of all cooking solutions and the likely adoption pathway while optimising for more convenient, higher performing stoves. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) accounts for 61% of new clean cooking access by 2040, followed by electricity at 17%, modern biomass, bioethanol, and biogas together making up the remainder. Natural gas only plays a role in a few dense urban areas in gas-producing countries. The consumption of modern cooking fuels grows sixfold by 2040 in the ACCESS. This implies a fivefold increase…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Understanding GEC Model scenarios
…energy supply and demand, markets, technology costs and policies, as well as the same pathways for future population and economic growth.The energy system described and explored in each scenario evolves in a distinctive pathway that delivers energy services with a different mix of technologies and fuels, with varying implications for energy security, affordability and emissions. This is primarily due to differing assumptions about how energy policies are implemented and evolve, and how these interact with the evolution of energy technologies and markets. By comparing the WEO scenarios, readers can assess what drives the various outcomes, and the opportunities and…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Regional insights
…of these countries are still developing their industries, some suffer from a lack of universal access to energy, and most have lower average incomes and levels of ownership of energy consuming equipment than advanced economies. However, the picture is a dynamic one: many countries are undergoing rapid urbanisation, building infrastructure, making swift progress on access to modern energy, and seeing their economies and their demand for energy grow strongly. Energy security is a key determinant of energy policies. While energy security is a broad term that includes affordability and supply chain resilience, an often cited metric is import dependence on…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Summary
…oil from their emergency reserves available to the market, the largest stock release in IEA history. But the demand side is also a crucial part of the energy security equation.In this report, the IEA details 10 demand-side options open to households, businesses and governments to shelter themselves from today’s oil shock and relieve the strains on affordability. These are based on the IEA’s longstanding expertise on energy security and on specific country examples. Governments can take the lead, both by setting an example and by facilitating these actions, but many can be adopted by individuals and…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Cooking fuels
…over 90% of LPG use for cooking, between 5% and 15% of households relying on LPG already have access to an alternative modern cooking solution and could be encouraged to prioritise its use. For households that rely exclusively on LPG for cooking, facilitating access to alternative modern cooking solutions, such as electric stoves or electric pans, could further reduce demand, subject to available equipment stocks and grid capacity. For around half of these households, a basic alternative would be less than 5% of monthly income, and targeted incentives can improve the affordability, provided supply chains can accommodate the increased demand…
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Portugal 2026 Executive summary
…which are more exposed to high energy costs, inefficient housing and limited access to affordable, low-carbon mobility options, should be empowered to participate in the energy transition. This is especially important in Portugal, where energy poverty remains well above the European average. Although Portugal has a national strategy on energy poverty, many support programmes do not reach those the most in need. At the same time, electrification, digitalisation and expanded buildings' renovations will require new skills and workforce redeployment. A people-centred approach is essential to ensure that affordability, access, consumer protection and workforce capacity are integrated into energy…
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Germany 2025 Executive summary
…industry and buildings. Existing strategies and supportive policy measures in these sectors will need to be matched by a strong focus on effective, cost-efficient implementation. Given that German consumers pay among the highest electricity prices in Europe, policy developments will need to also be seen through an affordability and competitiveness lens, including by ensuring that the distributional impacts are well understood and that proactive measures are taken to manage the costs of transition measures. To ensure public support for the transition, the government should also clearly communicate costs, benefits and timelines.Germany should prioritise actions that optimise the efficiency…
