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Vehicle software and software-defined vehicles
GEVO 2026 - Chapter 8 The transition from mechanical to software-based vehicle control has been underway for decades and has accelerated dramatically with the rise of EVs. Pure-play EV makers have pioneered the shift towards high-level, continuously updateable software-based vehicle control, speeding up the development and rollout of new features. Vehicles are evolving into software platforms for which users can access subscription‑based premium features, in the same way as for smartphones. A new design paradigm is emerging, with EVs at the forefront The digital transformation of the car industry is most evident in the emergence of software…
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Cost of Capital Observatory
…London. The aim of the Observatory is to increase transparency in the energy sector and inspire investor confidence, especially in emerging and developing countries where data on financing costs is scarcer.The Observatory is divided into three sections:A Dashboard that provides free data on the cost of capital for energy projects in emerging and developing economies, updated with 2023 and 2024 data in July and September 2025.A section with Tools and Analysis to help governments understand and quantify the main underlying risks perceived by investors and financiers in each country.Case Studies with lessons learnt of how policymakers…
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Hydroelectricity
…energy today, but that could change soon
Hydro is currently the third largest source of power generation worldwide after coal and natural gas. In 2024, it generated around 4 500 terawatt-hours of electricity, or 14% of the global total.
More than 150 gigawatts (GW) of new hydro capacity is set to come online by the end of the decade, mostly in emerging and developing economies. As a result, electricity generation from hydropower is expected to increase by 7% between 2025 and 2030. However, its share in global electricity generation is poised to decrease slightly by 2030 as other energy…
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Financing Electricity Access in Africa
…Financing Electricity Access in Africa, the International Energy Agency (IEA) undertakes its authoritative energy analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of the status quo of electricity access financing, including a first-of-a-kind tracking of public and private investment flows. Building on the analysis of the current landscape, this report offers deeper insights into how investment evolves to reach universal access – quantifying the scale of private and public financing required as well as the affordability challenges across the continent.This report comes at a time when the international community is mobilising to provide additional financial support to tackle this…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
…assessing how the energy sector might evolve, to better inform the important decisions that are being taken today.The methodology for the STEPS has been consistent over time, but the modelling approaches have evolved across successive iterations of the scenario. Among other things, there has been a concerted effort to develop insights into energy supply chains, including those for critical minerals. Work on electricity has been underpinned by granular hourly modelling of the operation of power systems, and by detailed consideration of new sources of demand such as data centres and artificial intelligence (AI). New geospatial analysis is now a…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Buildings
…s building stock, which in turn can inform new policy including regulatory updates to the building energy code. Other information tools include campaigns to raise awareness and acceptance among stakeholders and one-stop-shops that facilitate easy access to grants and other incentives, alongside guidance and quality assurance.Incentives such as retrofit grants can promote efficient technologies by lowering the upfront cost of the investment, making an energy efficiency upgrade more accessible and affordable. Grants can direct investments from stakeholders towards specific energy efficiency measures and motivate them to exceed minimum standards by reducing the upfront costs, adopting innovative technologies…
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Rare Earth Elements
…has elevated their importance in both energy and broader economic security discussions in recent years. This report assesses the current state of the rare earth elements market, examining demand and supply dynamics and key technological developments. It analyses the full value chain from mining to permanent magnet production, evaluates vulnerabilities across supply chains, and highlights the implications of potential supply disruptions. Based on these analyses, the report outlines eight targeted policy recommendations that can pave the way for more secure, diversified and resilient rare earth element supply chains.The analysis is founded on the work of the IEA Critical Minerals…
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Indonesia
…number of people without access across Southeast Asia since 2000. Those remaining without access in Indonesia are concentrated in a number of provinces, including East and Central Java, East Nusa Tenggara and Papua.
This underscores that there is no uniform solution to meeting Indonesia’s energy access targets, and that a great deal of pragmatism and flexibility will be needed to meet its goal of universal access by 2024. In recognition, the plans introduced by the government of Indonesia are multi-dimensional; they include the extension of the existing grid, promoting micro-hydro and off-grid solar technologies as well…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Renewables 2021 Biofuels
…2021. By 2023 US and European gasoline demand has recovered from Covid-19 disruption, but remains well below 2019 levels (IEA, 2021c). Increasing energy efficiency, surging electric vehicle sales and behaviour change all contribute to lower demand. Lower gasoline demand reduces ethanol volumes under current policies. However, ethanol demand recovery in Brazil and growing demand in Asia eventually offset declines in the United States and Europe in 2023.By comparison, in 2021 biodiesel, renewable diesel and biojet, expand well beyond 2019 levels, albeit from a low base for biojet. The combined demand for these fuels in 2021 is up 15%…
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Renewables 2022 Renewable heat
…stoves and boilers. Outlook to 2027 Given the policy landscape as of September 2022, global heat consumption – excluding ambient heat harnessed by heat pumps – is projected to grow almost 14 EJ (+6%) during 2022-2027. Increasing industrial activity drives this trend, with China and India together representing 60% of industrial heat demand growth, while energy efficiency improvements allow building heat consumption to decline 4% globally. The traditional use of biomass is anticipated to decline by more than 3 EJ (‑13%) over the outlook period, mostly in China and India, owing in part to the deployment of improved biomass cookstoves. Modern renewable heat…
