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World Energy Investment 2025 Middle East
…investment by national oil companies in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait to less than 35% in Iraq, signalling different levels of available funding and foreign involvement in resource extraction. In Qatar, domestic investment has ramped up sevenfold since 2015 with the accelerated development of the huge North Field, while foreign investment has quadrupled in the same period. In the United Arab Emirates and Oman, about 40% of upstream investment is consistently drawn from foreign sources. In Iraq, about 70% of upstream investment comes from foreign sources and is increasing with the country set to award 30 new oil and gas projects…
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Gas Market Report, Q2-2025 Executive summary
…combination of initially tight market conditions and heightened macroeconomic uncertainties. The global gas balance remains fragile in an increasingly complex geopolitical context, and dialogue between producers and consumers is important to ensure secure gas supplies. On 24-25 April 2025, the IEA will convene an international Summit on the Future of Energy Security, in partnership with the UK government. The Summit will address traditional and emerging risks related to energy security, including those affecting natural gas and LNG value chains. Europe and North America led demand growth through the 2024/25 winter season while Asian markets slowed Natural gas demand…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 The global energy crisis
…is having major implications for markets, policies and economies worldwide. As so often is the case, the poorest and most vulnerable are likely to suffer most. The strains did not begin with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, but they have been sharply exacerbated by it. Extraordinarily high prices are sparking a reappraisal of energy policies and priorities. The Europe-Russia energy relationship lies in tatters, calling into question the viability of decades of fossil fuel infrastructure and investment decisions built on this foundation. A profound reorientation of international energy trade is underway, bringing new market risks even as it addresses…
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The State of Energy Innovation 2025 Interactive: Highlights in energy innovation
Interactive: Highlights in energy innovation
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The State of Energy Innovation 2026 Interactive: Highlights in energy innovation
Interactive: Highlights in energy innovation
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Renewables 2021 Biofuels
…By August 2021 biofuel prices had increased by between 70% and 150% across the United States, Europe, Brazil and Indonesia, depending on the market and fuel, from average 2019 prices. For comparison, crude oil prices increased by 40% over the same time period.While overall biofuel demand returns to 2019 levels this year even with slower growth, the recovery is uneven. Ethanol demand remains 4% below 2019 levels in 2021 and does not fully recover until 2023. High ethanol prices in Brazil and lower gasoline demand in the United States relative to 2019 levels are both driving lower ethanol volumes…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Key findings
…and faster efficiency improvements all contributed to slower demand growth.Solar PV, the largest single source of growth, met more than 25% of higher demand, followed by natural gas, which contributed 17%. This was the first time on record that a modern renewable source contributed the largest share of global energy demand growth. Demand for oil, natural gas and coal all grew in 2025, but at a slower rate than in 2024. Low-emissions sources combined – solar, wind, nuclear, hydropower and other renewables – contributed nearly 60% of the growth in global demand.Demand growth in the United States rose to…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Executive summary
…East has disrupted global production and trade of hydrogen-based products The Middle East is a major producer of hydrogen-based products, and the conflict has strongly impacted their production. The Middle East is home to around one-sixth of global hydrogen production, the majority dedicated to the production of chemicals, fertilisers and refined oil products. The region accounts for more than 10% of global refining capacity, ammonia and urea production, and close to 17% of methanol production. Several refineries and petrochemical plants have halted operations due to supply disruptions and the impossibility of exporting their products or to military…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Executive summary
…invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Such measures are now in place in importing countries accounting for more than 40% of natural gas imports, compared with 11% in 2010. Disruptions resulting from the conflict in the Middle East have prompted the use of these emergency measures, including the collective action decision of 11 March 2026, which made 400 million barrels of oil from IEA emergency reserves available to the market. The current disruption has also triggered announcements of new and strengthened emergency storage capacity, notably in Indonesia and Viet Nam, as well as exceptional demand-restraint measures, including energy conservation campaigns, work‑from‑home policies and fuel…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Oil use in industry
…industrial oil-consuming facilities can save additional fuel in the short-term through maintenance checks and optimising how equipment is operated. Measures vary by site but typically include shutting down equipment when not in use, reducing temperature and pressure setpoints to only what is necessary, fixing leaks and maintenance issues, and improving scheduling so processes run more efficiently.Impact: The degree of flexibility in petrochemical production and the level of stocks varies largely across regions. Most of the flexible chemical facilities are concentrated in Asia and Europe. With quick maintenance checks, individual industrial facilities can often reduce overall oil use…
